Over-the-Counter Markets

We study how intermediation and asset prices in over-the-counter markets are affected by illiquidity associated with search and bargaining. We compute explicitly the prices at which investors trade with each other as well as marketmakers' bid and ask prices in a dynamic model with strategic agents. Bid-ask spreads are lower if investors can more easily find other investors, or have easier access to multiple marketmakers. With a monopolistic marketmaker, bid-ask spreads are higher if investors have easier access to the marketmaker. We characterize endogenous search and welfare, and discuss empirical implications.

The Misuse of Over-the-Counter NSAIDs

Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most frequently used analgesics. The misuse of these medications occurs frequently and often without the patient’s realization. Inappropriate use can cause acute NSAID overdoses or contribute to serious adverse effects. Health care providers continue to play an important role in emphasizing the safe use of these medications. This article examines the impacts of NSAID misuse in our society and how health care professionals can help address these issues

Over-the-Counter Marketmaking

We study how intermediation and asset prices are affected by illiquidity associated with search and bargaining. We compute explicitly marketmakers&rsqou; bid and ask prices in a dynamic model with strategic agents. Bid-ask spreads are lower if investors can more easily find other investors or have more easy access to multiple marketmakers. This distinguishes our theory from the information-based intermediation , which implies higher spreads in connection with higher investor sophistication. With a monopolistic marketmaker, bid-ask spreads are higher if investors have easier access to the marketmaker. We discuss several empirical implications and study endogenous search and welfare

Vaginal yeasts in the era of "over the counter" antifungals

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether there has been any rise in the prevalence of non-albicans Candida species isolated from vaginal swabs since the introduction of “over the counter” antifungal treatments. METHOD: A retrospective review looking at all positive vaginal yeast isolates collected from women attending one genitourinary medicine clinic during the 6 year period from 1993 to 1998 inclusive. All positive vaginal yeast isolates were included, regardless of whether or not the patients were symptomatic. Isolates from HIV positive women were excluded from the analysis. RESULT: No increase in non-albicans vaginal yeast isolates was shown during the period studied. The proportion of non-albicans yeasts remained constant at approximately 5% of the total yeasts isolated. The most common non-albicans yeast isolated was C glabrata. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence from this study to suggest that the increasing use of “over the counter” antifungal treatment has selected for atypical, possibly inherently azole resistant, strains of vaginal yeasts in HIV seronegative women

Clearing over-the-counter derivatives

Prior to the financial crisis of 2008, the over-the-counter derivatives market was not required to “clear” transactions. This changed with the signing of the new financial reform legislation, the Dodd–Frank Act on July 21, 2010. Going forward, most OTC derivatives will be cleared through a particular set of institutional arrangements: a regulated clearinghouse. This article provides an overview of how clearing works, the potential benefits of central clearing for OTC derivatives, and the optimal clearing structure.Derivative securities ; Financial crises ; Risk management

Emergency Contraception for Adolescents

Healthy Teen Network recommends that emergency contraception be treated as any other over-the-counter drug by pharmacies and be available over-the-counter without a prescription to adolescents. We encourage teaching adolescents, their parents, and health care providers about emergency contraception availability, use and effectiveness

Two-Stream Instability of Counter-Rotating Galaxies

The present study of the two-stream instability in stellar disks with counter-rotating components of stars and/or gas is stimulated by recently discovered counter-rotating spiral and S0 galaxies. Strong linear two-stream instability of tightly-wrapped spiral waves is found for one and two-armed waves with the pattern angular speed of the unstable waves always intermediate between the angular speed of the co-rotating matter ($+\Omega$) and that of the counter-rotating matter ($-\Omega$). The instability arises from the interaction of positive and negative energy modes in the co- and counter-rotating components. The unstable waves are in general convective - they move in radius and radial wavenumber space - with the result that amplification of the advected wave is more important than the local growth rate. For a galaxy of co-rotating stars and counter-rotating stars of mass-fraction $\xi_* < {1\over 2}$, or of counter-rotating gas of mass-fraction $\xi_g < {1\over 2}$, the largest amplification is usually for the one-armed leading waves (with respect to the co-rotating stars). For the case of both counter-rotating stars and gas, the largest amplifications are for $\xi_*+\xi_g \approx {1\over 2}$, also for one-armed leading waves. The two-armed trailing waves usually have smaller amplifications. The growth rates and amplifications all decrease as the velocity spreads of the stars and/or gas increase. It is suggested that the spiral waves can provide an effective viscosity for the gas causing its accretion.Comment: 14 pages, submitted to ApJ. One table and 17 figures can be obtained by sending address to R. Lovelace at [email protected]

Over-the-counter interest rate derivatives

Derivative securities