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    A Game Approach to Multi-dimensional Opinion Dynamics in Social Networks with Stubborn Strategist Agents

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    In a social network, individuals express their opinions on several interdependent topics, and therefore the evolution of their opinions on these topics is also mutually dependent. In this work, we propose a differential game model for the multi-dimensional opinion formation of a social network whose population of agents interacts according to a communication graph. Each individual's opinion evolves according to an aggregation of disagreements between the agent's opinions and its graph neighbors on multiple interdependent topics exposed to an unknown extraneous disturbance. For a social network with strategist agents the opinions evolve over time with respect to the minimization of a quadratic cost function that solely represents each individual's motives against the disturbance. We find the unique Nash/worst-case equilibrium solution for the proposed differential game model of coupled multi-dimensional opinions under an open-loop information structure. Moreover, we propose a distributed implementation of the Nash/worst-case equilibrium solution. We examine the non-distributed and proposed distributed open-loop Nash/worst-case strategies on a small social network with strategist agents in a two-dimensional opinion space. Then we compare the opinions evolved based on the Nash/worst-case strategy with the opinions corresponding to social optimality actions for non-strategist agents.Comment: Under review in a journa

    ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์œค์ˆœ์ง„.Development of ecotourism focusing on forest recreation and healing services is expanding by utilizing geographical conditions rich in forest resources. Participation in community decision making is essential for sustainable development based on full consideration of the economic, social and environmental impacts that development projects can have on the region. The agent-based model which is used in many fields, is useful for in-depth analysis of the relationship between the major factors of the village project decision making process through computer simulation by simplifying the behavior rules and attributes of actors. The agent-based model of this study was based on the questionnaire of Cheongyang-gun Gwanggeum-ri, and discussed how the support and participation of the residents in the development of forest healing tourism was changed. Deliberative democracy means a process in which citizens participate in a common problem and form consensus by forming and changing preferences through reflective communication and learning. If the unanimous rational consensus based on enlightened understanding and validity argument is first generation deliberation, recently second generation deliberation, which considers the consensus on the competing preferences of acceptable extent to respect narratives, feelings and differences, has been highlighted. On the other hand, social capital is intangible asset formed by actors' cooperative social action, and it has been studied that community development and residents' attitude are influenced. According to social influence theory which emphasizes the actor's interaction in the network as social capital, actors conform the opinions and actions of others. The consensus formation model of opinion dynamics as a mechanism of deliberation and social capital assumes that opinions converge to other actors. The FJ model and the Deffuant model are the representative mechanisms of opinion dynamics that are recognized to explain the process of exchanging actors through various experiments and case studies. In the former, the smaller the influence of the other, the more the stereotypes of the person are maintained. In the latter, the exchange of opinions occurs when the disagreement with the other is smaller than the uncertainty of oneself. In order to examine the process of change of the support for the project in the rural village, we compared the FJ model, the FJ expansion model, the Deffuant model and the Deffuant relative model. The FJ extension model considers both positive and negative impacts in addition to a single opinion of support, and Deffuant's relative model exchanges opinions on the basis of the relative agreement between the range of oneselfs opinion and the range of the others opinion. Each scenario was analyzed by various factors. The baseline scenario was set up to periodically study and discuss the village project through village meetings run by the intermediary support organization along with neighborhood communication. It is possible to grasp the degree of consensus based on the high degree of support for village projects and high opinion convergence, which can help understand how deliberation works. As a result of the simulation, the intermediary support organization meeting increases the level of project support and the level of opinion convergence. This is mainly due to learning and there is a tendency to converge a little more through discussions. Learning shows both the features of the first generation and the second generation deliberation, and discussion can be approached from the perspective of the second generation deliberation. The difference between the two models is that the FJ models has a slightly lower project support and a higher degree of opinion convergence than the Deffuant models. Because of the stereotypical effect, the tendency for opinions to converge to a single point in the FJ series is weaker but forms a mutually agreeable set of opinions in a similar direction category, which is a second generation deliberation. Deffuant models can be viewed as a first generation deliberation because it tends to converge to a single point. Depending on the degree of difference and uncertainty, the opposition residents may not change their opinions, which could act as a conflict factor in the consensus of the community. In addition, the FJ expansion model has a slightly lower project support due to the positive impact recognition and the negative impact recognition as compared with the FJ model, and the Deffuant relative model was characterized by a slightly less increase in project support because it emphasized the similarity of opinions compared with the Deffuant model. The major feature of the project support model simulation result is the deliberation function of social capital. It can be seen that the opinions about the project converge in the scenarios where only the neighborhood communication are performed without the intermediary support organization meeting. Project support has declined somewhat, because the people who strongly support the project are more open to accepting opinions from less open-minded people. When social capital is actively exchanged for project through the network, consensus-oriented decision-making has been carried out as a process of gradually narrowing down the opinions. Therefore, the function of deliberation has been carried out in a pluralistic society, which can be interpreted as the second generation deliberation. Although there are some cases where the residents do not communicate with their neighbors about the project, opinions are less likely to converge than those of the intermediate support organization meetings. However, when many residents exchange opinions about the project, opinions are grouped into similar categories at a certain level. In the case of scenarios in which interim support organization meetings are held and operated, it may be seen as negative for the decline of project support due to neighbors' communication, but there is a positive aspect from the viewpoint of the second generation deliberation as the degree of convergence is maintained or slightly converged. The project participation model based on the theory of planned action is a mechanism which residents participate if the participation intention utility is above a certain threshold. The participation intention utility consists of attitude that comprehensively assesses the economic impact of the project, subjective norm as perceived social influence of others connected to the network, perceived behavioral control as confidence in project performance based on project knowledge and decision making influence as deliberation. Since the subjective norm utility is greatly influenced by the level of the percentage of participants in the previous year, the common finding in various scenarios is a clear social capital effect as subjective norm. The increase in project knowledge through intensive learning leads to an increase in the perceived behavioral control utility and the effect of exceeding the threshold of the total participation intention utility. This leads to an increase in the number of participants, and the subjective norm is a basis for exercising a great influence on the residents. The education absence scenario shows the lowest participation rate, which shows the important role of education. In the scenario where education is conducted every five years, the higher participation rate in the second half than the baseline scenario confirms the need for periodic education. In addition to education, the factor that plays the role of deliberation in the participation model is the attitude. As the rational calculation of the cost benefit, the deliberation may affect the participation of the residents in the project. In the support model for the village project decision making process, the intermediary support organization meeting is characterized by the first generation deliberation and the second generation deliberation, and the social capital of the neighbor communication is characterized by the characteristics of the second generation deliberation and may be contrary to the first generation deliberation of the intermediary support organization meeting . In the participation model, it was found that the deliberation process such as learning plays a role of promoting the social influence of social capital. The policy suggestions based on the results of this study are that it is necessary to strengthen the on-site consulting of the intermediary support organization in order to activate the deliberation of the village project decision making, and it is desirable to integrate it as part of the social impact assessment process. On the other hand, the decision making model of rural village tourism development project of this study can be applied to other types of project such as non-economic community development project in city or large scale conflict project through revision.์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ์ž์›์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์น˜์œ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ฒญ์–‘ ๊ด‘๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์น˜์œ  ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๋œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋…ผ์ฆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋งˆ์Šค์‹ ๋งŒ์žฅ์ผ์น˜์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ, ๊ฐ์ •, ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํƒœ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์—ญํ•™์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ FJ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ Deffuant ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์ด ๋” ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ , ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์„ ๋•Œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋†์‚ฐ์ดŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์น˜์œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FJ ๋ชจํ˜•, FJ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜•, Deffuant ๋ชจํ˜•, Deffuant ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. FJ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ง€์ง€๋„์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ด์™ธ์— ๊ธ์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ , Deffuant ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋™์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”์ธ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ํ† ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์ง€๋„์™€ ๋†’์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ์˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์€ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ† ์˜๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ๋Š” FJ ๊ณ„์—ด์ด Deffuant ๊ณ„์—ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— FJ ๊ณ„์—ด์—์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋” ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. Deffuant ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  FJ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ FJ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ , Deffuant ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ Deffuant ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜ ์—†์ด ์ด์›ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์„œ, ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ขํ˜€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‹ค์›์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ด์ƒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์ •๋„๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš ํ–‰๋™ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜๋กœ์„œ ํƒœ๋„, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ์‹ฌ์˜ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ํ–‰๋™ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ํšจ์šฉ์ด ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ํ–‰๋™ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€๋™ํญ์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ํšจ์šฉ์€ ์ „๋…„๋„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„์œจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์‹ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ํ–‰๋™ ํ†ต์ œ ํšจ์šฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ „์ฒด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜๋„ ํšจ์šฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก ๋ถ€์žฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. 5๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ต์œก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ, ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ํƒœ๋„์ธ๋ฐ, ๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌ์˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด์›ƒ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์ด 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง ํšŒ์˜์˜ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ์˜์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ด‰์ง„์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ์–ธ์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์‹ฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์›์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ปจ์„คํŒ…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ์ดŒ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ณด์™„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋งˆ์„๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์—… ์œ ํ˜•์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 10 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 10 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 16 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  18 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ ์ด๋ก  18 1. ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 18 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ 30 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  42 1. ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • 42 2. ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ชจํ˜• ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ 50 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  60 1. ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 60 2. ๋†์‚ฐ์ดŒ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 71 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 83 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 89 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 89 1. ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 89 2. ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 93 3. ๋งˆ์„ ์ •๋ณด 96 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค๊ณ„ 101 1. ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ชจํ˜• 101 2. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜• 106 3. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 143 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 167 1. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜• 167 2. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 173 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 176 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 176 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 179 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 184 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 184 1. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜• 184 2. ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 191 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์ง€๋„ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋น„๊ต 197 1. ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ํ† ์˜ 197 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ 202 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋น„๊ต 206 1. ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ํ† ์˜ 206 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ 211 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  216 1. ์‹ฌ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 216 2. ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ์–ธ 228 3. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์—… ์œ ํ˜• ์ ์šฉ 235 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  240 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 240 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 247 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 251 ๋ถ€๋กโ… : ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€ 280 ๋ถ€๋กโ…ก: ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 286 Abstract 293Docto

    Opinion Dynamics with Limited Information

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    Abstract We study opinion formation games based on the famous model proposed by Friedkin and Johsen (FJ model). In todayโ€™s huge social networks the assumption that in each round agents update their opinions by taking into account the opinions of all their friends is unrealistic. So, we are interested in the convergence properties of simple and natural variants of the FJ model that use limited information exchange in each round and converge to the same stable point. As in the FJ model, we assume that each agent i has an intrinsic opinion siโˆˆ[0,1]s_i \in [0,1] s i โˆˆ [ 0 , 1 ] and maintains an expressed opinion xi(t)โˆˆ[0,1]x_i(t) \in [0,1] x i ( t ) โˆˆ [ 0 , 1 ] in each round t. To model limited information exchange, we consider an opinion formation process where each agent i meets with one random friend j at each round t and learns only her current opinion xj(t)x_j(t) x j ( t ) . The amount of influence j imposes on i is reflected by the probability pijp_{ij} p ij with which i meets j. Then, agent i suffers a disagreement cost that is a convex combination of (xi(t)โˆ’si)2(x_i(t) - s_i)^2 ( x i ( t ) - s i ) 2 and (xi(t)โˆ’xj(t))2(x_i(t) - x_j(t))^2 ( x i ( t ) - x j ( t ) ) 2 . An important class of dynamics in this setting are no regret dynamics, i.e. dynamics that ensure vanishing regret against the experienced disagreement cost to the agents. We show an exponential gap between the convergence rate of no regret dynamics and of more general dynamics that do not ensure no regret. We prove that no regret dynamics require roughly ฮฉ(1/ฮต)\varOmega (1/\varepsilon ) ฮฉ ( 1 / ฮต ) rounds to be within distance ฮต\varepsilon ฮต from the stable point of the FJ model. On the other hand, we provide an opinion update rule that does not ensure no regret and converges to xโˆ—x^* x โˆ— in O~(logโก2(1/ฮต))\tilde{O}(\log ^2(1/\varepsilon )) O ~ ( log 2 ( 1 / ฮต ) ) rounds. Finally, in our variant of the FJ model, we show that the agents can adopt a simple opinion update rule that ensures no regret to the experienced disagreement cost and results in an opinion vector that converges to the stable point xโˆ—x^* x โˆ— of the FJ model within distance ฮต\varepsilon ฮต in poly(1/ฮต)\textrm{poly}(1/\varepsilon ) poly ( 1 / ฮต ) rounds. In view of our lower bound for no regret dynamics this rate of convergence is close to best possible
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