4,478 research outputs found

    ENHANCING CLOUD SYSTEM RUNTIME TO ADDRESS COMPLEX FAILURES

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    As the reliance on cloud systems intensifies in our progressively digital world, understanding and reinforcing their reliability becomes more crucial than ever. Despite impressive advancements in augmenting the resilience of cloud systems, the growing incidence of complex failures now poses a substantial challenge to the availability of these systems. With cloud systems continuing to scale and increase in complexity, failures not only become more elusive to detect but can also lead to more catastrophic consequences. Such failures question the foundational premises of conventional fault-tolerance designs, necessitating the creation of novel system designs to counteract them. This dissertation aims to enhance distributed systems’ capabilities to detect, localize, and react to complex failures at runtime. To this end, this dissertation makes contributions to address three emerging categories of failures in cloud systems. The first part delves into the investigation of partial failures, introducing OmegaGen, a tool adept at generating tailored checkers for detecting and localizing such failures. The second part grapples with silent semantic failures prevalent in cloud systems, showcasing our study findings, and introducing Oathkeeper, a tool that leverages past failures to infer rules and expose these silent issues. The third part explores solutions to slow failures via RESIN, a framework specifically designed to detect, diagnose, and mitigate memory leaks in cloud-scale infrastructures, developed in collaboration with Microsoft Azure. The dissertation concludes by offering insights into future directions for the construction of reliable cloud systems

    Logical disagreement : an epistemological study

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    While the epistemic signiïŹcance of disagreement has been a popular topic in epistemology for at least a decade, little attention has been paid to logical disagreement. This monograph is meant as a remedy. The text starts with an extensive literature review of the epistemology of (peer) disagreement and sets the stage for an epistemological study of logical disagreement. The guiding thread for the rest of the work is then three distinct readings of the ambiguous term ‘logical disagreement’. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on the Ad Hoc Reading according to which logical disagreements occur when two subjects take incompatible doxastic attitudes toward a speciïŹc proposition in or about logic. Chapter 2 presents a new counterexample to the widely discussed Uniqueness Thesis. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the Theory Choice Reading of ‘logical disagreement’. According to this interpretation, logical disagreements occur at the level of entire logical theories rather than individual entailment-claims. Chapter 4 concerns a key question from the philosophy of logic, viz., how we have epistemic justiïŹcation for claims about logical consequence. In Chapters 5 and 6 we turn to the Akrasia Reading. On this reading, logical disagreements occur when there is a mismatch between the deductive strength of one’s background logic and the logical theory one prefers (oïŹƒcially). Chapter 6 introduces logical akrasia by analogy to epistemic akrasia and presents a novel dilemma. Chapter 7 revisits the epistemology of peer disagreement and argues that the epistemic signiïŹcance of central principles from the literature are at best deïŹ‚ated in the context of logical disagreement. The chapter also develops a simple formal model of deep disagreement in Default Logic, relating this to our general discussion of logical disagreement. The monograph ends in an epilogue with some reïŹ‚ections on the potential epistemic signiïŹcance of convergence in logical theorizing

    Climate Change and Critical Agrarian Studies

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    Climate change is perhaps the greatest threat to humanity today and plays out as a cruel engine of myriad forms of injustice, violence and destruction. The effects of climate change from human-made emissions of greenhouse gases are devastating and accelerating; yet are uncertain and uneven both in terms of geography and socio-economic impacts. Emerging from the dynamics of capitalism since the industrial revolution — as well as industrialisation under state-led socialism — the consequences of climate change are especially profound for the countryside and its inhabitants. The book interrogates the narratives and strategies that frame climate change and examines the institutionalised responses in agrarian settings, highlighting what exclusions and inclusions result. It explores how different people — in relation to class and other co-constituted axes of social difference such as gender, race, ethnicity, age and occupation — are affected by climate change, as well as the climate adaptation and mitigation responses being implemented in rural areas. The book in turn explores how climate change – and the responses to it - affect processes of social differentiation, trajectories of accumulation and in turn agrarian politics. Finally, the book examines what strategies are required to confront climate change, and the underlying political-economic dynamics that cause it, reflecting on what this means for agrarian struggles across the world. The 26 chapters in this volume explore how the relationship between capitalism and climate change plays out in the rural world and, in particular, the way agrarian struggles connect with the huge challenge of climate change. Through a huge variety of case studies alongside more conceptual chapters, the book makes the often-missing connection between climate change and critical agrarian studies. The book argues that making the connection between climate and agrarian justice is crucial

    The Mogadishu Effect: America\u27s Failure-Driven Foreign Policy

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    The October 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, commonly referred to as “Black Hawk Down,” transformed American foreign policy in its wake. One of the largest special operations missions in recent history, the failures in Somalia left not only the United States government and military in shock, but also the American people. After the nation’s most elite fighting forces suffered a nearly 50 percent casualty rate at the hands of Somali warlords during what many Americans thought was a humanitarian operation, Congress and the American people erupted in anger. Although the United States has continued to be seen as an overbearing global peacekeeping force in the thirty years since Somalia, the Battle of Mogadishu served as the turning point for a generational foreign policy shift that significantly limited future global intervention because of the overt publicization of battle’s aftermath in the media, domestic and international reactions, and a fear of repeating the same mistakes elsewhere. The first major American loss of life after the Cold War, the battle and the reaction that followed, known as the “Mogadishu effect,” forced President Clinton to rethink the United States’ role internationally. Clinton and his administration struggled to convince the American people that involvement overseas, especially global peacekeeping, was vital to international order after becoming the world’s sole superpower. Congressional hearings, presidential correspondence, government documents, poll results, and numerous media releases across Clinton’s presidency mark the distinct shift in American foreign policy that took place after Mogadishu. Although he inherited involvement in the United Nations mission in Somalia from George H.W. Bush, the failures in Somalia transformed Clinton’s humanitarian involvement in Haiti, Bosnia, and Rwanda, tarnishing the remainder of his presidency and shifting expectations of significant American involvement in international peacekeeping after the Cold War

    Mathematical Modelling of Spread of Vector Borne Disease In Germany

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    Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist ein mathematisches Modell zu entwickeln, um eine mögliche Ausbreitung des West-Nil-Virus (WNV) in Deutschland zu simulieren und zu bewerten. Das entwickelte Werkzeug soll auch auf eine weitere, durch Zecken ĂŒbertragene Krankheit, dem Krim-Kongo-HĂ€morrhagischen Fieber (CCHFV) angewendet werden. Die durch den Klimawandel verursachte globalen ErwĂ€rmung unterstĂŒtzt auch die Verbreitung und Entwicklung verschiedener Vektorpopulationen. Dabei hat eine Temperaturerhöhung einen positiven Einfluss auf den Lebenszyklus des Vektors und die Zunahme der VektoraktivitĂ€t. In dieser Arbeit haben wir ein Differentialgleichungsmodell (ODE) entwickelt, um den Einfluss eines regelmĂ€ĂŸigen Eintrags von Infektionserregern auf die empfĂ€ngliche Population unter BerĂŒcksichtigung des Temperatureinflusses zu verstehen. Als Ergebnis haben wir einen analytischen Ausdruck der Basisreproduktionszahl und deren Wechselwirkung mit der Temperatur gefunden. Eine SensitivitĂ€tsanalyse zeigt, wie wichtig das VerhĂ€ltnis der anfĂ€lligen MĂŒcken zur lokalen Wirtspopulation ist. Als ein zentrales Ergebnis haben wir den zukĂŒnftigen Temperaturverlauf auf Basis der Modellergebnisse des IPCC in unser Modell integriert und Bedingungen gefunden, unter denen es zu einer dauerhaften Etablierung des West-Nil-Virus in Deutschland kommt. DarĂŒber hinaus haben wir die entwickelten mathematischen Modelle verwendet, um verschiedene Szenarien zu untersuchen, unter denen sich CCHFV möglicherweise in einer naiven Population etablieren kann, und wir haben verschiedene Kontrollszenarien mathematisch abgeleitet, um die Belastung von einer Infektion durch Zecken zu bewĂ€ltigen.The objective of this thesis is to develop the necessary mathematical model to assess the potential spread of West Nile Virus (WNV) in Germany and employ the developed tool to analyse another tick-borne disease Crimean- Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHFV). Given the backdrop of global warming and the climate change, increasing temperature has benefitted the vector population. The increase in the temperature has a positive influence in the life cycle of the vector and the increase in its activities. In this thesis, we have developed an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) model system to understand the influence of the periodic introduction of infectious agents into the local susceptible population while taking account of influence of temperature. As results, we have found an analytic expression of the basic reproduction number and its interplay with the temperature. The sensitivity analysis shows us the importance of the ratio between the susceptible mosquitoes to the local host population. As a central result we have extrapolated the temperature trend under different IPCC conditions and found the condition under which the circulation of West Nile Virus will be permanent in Germany. Furthermore, we have utilised the developed mathematical models to examine different scenarios under which CCHFV can potentially establish in a naive population along with we mathematically derived different control scenarios to manage the burden of tick infection

    Tracing the Creative Influence of Samuel Beckett’s ‘Psychology Notes’: The ‘Three Novels’ and Krapp’s Last Tape

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    Sammendrag Avhandlingens hovedargument er at notatkorpuset om psykologiske og spesielt psykoanalytiske emner som Samuel Beckett utarbeidet i 1934-1935 mens han var i terapi hos Wilfred Bion representerer en sentral og vedvarende innflytelse pĂ„ hans litterĂŠre verk. Den umiddelbare anvendelsen av disse psykologinotatene i arbeidet med romanen Murphy er velkjent, men avhandlingen gjennomgĂ„r denne opprinnelige kreative bruken pĂ„ nytt for Ă„ vise hvordan Beckett etablerer en form for parodisk overdrevet bruk av det lĂŠrebokaktige sprĂ„ket i mange av kildene som han hentet sine notater fra. Dette indikerer en kritisk avstandstagen fra psykoanalysen som disiplin, som ogsĂ„ fĂžrte til en plutselig avslutning av det terapeutiske forholdet til Bion in 1935. De to fĂžrste kapitlene i avhandlingen diskuterer konteksten for komposisjonen av psykologinotatene og diskuterer en rekke kreativt sentrale tematikker for Beckett. En ledetrĂ„d for diskusjonen er at Becketts tilnĂŠrming til det psykoanalytiske lĂŠreboksprĂ„ket fungerte bĂ„de tiltrekkende og motstandsgivende for ham som forfatter. PĂ„ den ene siden finner vi bĂ„de i Becketts tekster og i psykoanalysen en fascinasjon for det avskyvekkende, mens pĂ„ den annen side kan vi spore hos Beckett en bevisst motstand mot psykoanalysens forpliktelse til Ă„ sĂžke mot helbredelse, kontroll og meningsfullhet. Becketts tekster iscenesetter en avvisning av det psykoanalytiske sprĂ„ket som et feilslĂ„tt medium for Ă„ skrive om selvet, gjennom sin ironiske undergraving av psykoanalysens kognitive, autoritetsbaserte og terapeutiske utgangspunkt. Implikasjonene av dette utvikles i avhandlingen gjennom en nĂŠrlesing av romanene Molloy, Malone meurt/Malone Dies and L’Innommable/The Unnamable, og det korte teaterstykket Krapp’s Last Tape. I denne lesningen behandles Becketts psykologinotater som genetisk kildemateriale som fortsatt ble anvendt kreativt lenge etter de opprinnelig ble komponert. Avhandlingen tar utgangspunkt i en mest mulig empirisk etterprĂžvbar og manuskriptgenetisk tilnĂŠrming til kildene, med utstrakt bruk av Samuel Beckett Digital Manuscript Project og andre arkivressurser som stĂžtte for sin argumentasjon. Men et pragmatisk forhold til behandlingen av tekstlig innflytelse som gĂ„r utover det som kan fĂžres sikre bevis for er ogsĂ„ nĂždvendig, for en viss grad av usikkerhet er umulig Ă„ unngĂ„. Likevel fastslĂ„r avhandlingen at en nylesning av disse verkene av Beckett med utgangspunkt i hans egne psykologinotater kan bĂ„de utvide og korrigere fokuset i den eksisterende faglitteraturen. Videre har det kritiske fokuset og opptreningen som denne avhandlingen presenterer ogsĂ„ et potensiale til Ă„ kunne generere en ny litteraturkritisk tilnĂŠrming til alle verkene i Becketts karriere som ble skrevet etter psykologinotatene.Abstract This study argues that the corpus of notes on psychological and especially psychoanalytic topics composed by Samuel Beckett in 1934-1935 during his therapy with Wilfred Bion represents a crucial and continuous creative influence on his literary work. While the immediate use of the ‘Psychology Notes’ in the writing of Murphy is well established, it is revisited here to suggest that this initial creative deployment is characterized by a parodic over-indulgence in the ‘textbook’ language of the sources Beckett was drawing on. This indicates a critical distancing from the discipline of psychoanalysis that also manifested itself in a sudden disruption of his therapy with Wilfred Bion in 1935. Drawing on the original context of the composition of the Notes, and developing a taxonomy of creatively important themes for Beckett, the first two chapters of the thesis trace a formative attraction-repulsion ambivalence in Beckett’s approach to the use of psychoanalytic textbook language in his writing. On the one hand, there is a shared obsession with ‘abjection’ between Beckett’s texts and the discipline of psychoanalysis, whereas on the other, the commitment to cure, control and meaning in psychoanalysis is being resisted in Beckett’s texts. Beckett’s later texts stage the rejection and failure of the psychoanalytic language as medium of writing the ‘self’ by ironically subverting its cognitive, authoritative and therapeutic purposes. This argument is developed through detailed close readings of the ‘Three Novels’ (Molloy, Malone meurt/Malone Dies and L’Innommable/The Unnamable) and the short play Krapp’s Last Tape, treating the ‘Psychology Notes’ as genetic source material that continued to be actively deployed long after its initial composition and creative impact. While the thesis is based on an empirical, genetic approach, making extensive use of the Samuel Beckett Digital Manuscript Project and other archival sources, its approach is also pragmatic in its approach to influence, recognizing that conclusive evidence of intertextual relationships is not always possible to establish. Nonetheless, re-reading these Beckett works with the Notes to hand can both expand upon and correct the emphases of previous scholarship on these texts. Ultimately, the critical focus and training provided by this thesis is therefore intended to provide a scholarly tool for re-engaging all of Beckett’s post-Notes work.Doktorgradsavhandlin

    Power Shift: The Return of the Uniting for Peace Resolution

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    In 2022, the United States dusted off the 1950 Uniting for Peace Resolution in order to obtain General Assembly condemnation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This was the first time in three decades that the Security Council and General Assembly had utilized the Uniting for Peace mechanism – a process designed to end-run a Security Council veto. Together with the General Assembly’s creation of the international investigative mechanism for Syria in 2016 over Russia’s objection, the use of the Uniting for Peace process to condemn Russia’s aggression represented a shift in power away from the Security Council and to the General Assembly, with potentially broad and long-term implications. This article examines the causes and consequences of that power shift

    Experimental differentiation as an innovative form of cooperation in the European Union:Evidence from the Nordic Battlegroup

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    This article focuses on the use of experimental differentiation, a form of small-scale pilot program that aims at testing whether further institutional integration can be bolstered in an area where cooperation has not been tested or proven. Experimental differentiation consists of three features. Firstly, participation should not be constrained by membership in the European Union. Secondly, experimental differentiation should consist of short-term projects. Thirdly, the functional scope of such experiments should be clearly limited to reduce the expected political costs of participation. Empirically, this article focuses on the EU Battlegroups and analyzes how the above-mentioned features drove political actors to support participation. While EU Battlegroups have been criticized for their lack of effective action and the political and financial costs they entail, this article offers a more positive feature, arguing that Battlegroups should be seen as experiments that lead reluctant political actors to consider their cooperation under the EU framework
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