123 research outputs found
How Much Communication Resource is Needed to Run a Wireless Blockchain Network?
Blockchain is built on a peer-to-peer network that relies on frequent
communications among the distributively located nodes. In particular, the
consensus mechanisms (CMs), which play a pivotal role in blockchain, are
communication resource-demanding and largely determines blockchain security
bound and other key performance metrics such as transaction throughput, latency
and scalability. Most blockchain systems are designed in a stable wired
communication network running in advanced devices under the assumption of
sufficient communication resource provision. However, it is envisioned that the
majority of the blockchain node peers will be connected through the wireless
network in the future. Constrained by the highly dynamic wireless channel and
scarce frequency spectrum, communication can significantly affect blockchain's
key performance metrics. Hence, in this paper, we present wireless blockchain
networks (WBN) under various commonly used CMs and we answer the question of
how much communication resource is needed to run such a network. We first
present the role of communication in the four stages of the blockchain
procedure. We then discuss the relationship between the communication resource
provision and the WBNs performance, for three of the most used blockchain CMs
namely, Proof-of-Work (PoW), practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) and
Raft. Finally, we provide analytical and simulated results to show the impact
of the communication resource provision on blockchain performance
Performance Analysis of Non-ideal Wireless PBFT Networks with mmWave and Terahertz Signals
Due to advantages in security and privacy, blockchain is considered a key
enabling technology to support 6G communications. Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT) is seen as the most applicable consensus mechanism in
blockchain-enabled wireless networks. However, previous studies on PBFT do not
consider the channel performance of the physical layer, such as path loss and
channel fading, resulting in research results that are far from real networks.
Additionally, 6G communications will widely deploy high frequency signals such
as millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz), while the performance of PBFT
is still unknown when these signals are transmitted in wireless PBFT networks.
Therefore, it is urgent to study the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT
networks with mmWave and THz siganls, so as to better make PBFT play a role in
6G era. In this paper, we study and compare the performance of mmWave and THz
signals in non-ideal wireless PBFT networks, considering Rayleigh Fading (RF)
and close-in Free Space (FS) reference distance path loss. Performance is
evaluated by consensus success rate and delay. Meanwhile, we find and derive
that there is a maximum distance between two nodes that can make PBFT consensus
inevitably successful, and it is named active distance of PBFT in this paper.
The research results not only analyze the performance of non-ideal wireless
PBFT networks, but also provide an important reference for the future
transmission of mmWave and THz signals in PBFT networks.Comment: IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and
Applications (MetaCom) 202
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Non-ideal Wireless PBFT and RAFT Consensus Networks in 6G Communications
Due to advantages in security and privacy, blockchain is considered a key
enabling technology to support 6G communications. Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT) and RAFT are seen as the most applicable consensus mechanisms
(CMs) in blockchain-enabled wireless networks. However, previous studies on
PBFT and RAFT rarely consider the channel performance of the physical layer,
such as path loss and channel fading, resulting in research results that are
far from real networks. Additionally, 6G communications will widely deploy
high-frequency signals such as terahertz (THz) and millimeter wave (mmWave),
while performances of PBFT and RAFT are still unknown when these signals are
transmitted in wireless PBFT or RAFT networks. Therefore, it is urgent to study
the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks with THz and
mmWave signals, to better make PBFT and RAFT play a role in the 6G era. In this
paper, we study and compare the performance of THz and mmWave signals in
non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks, considering Rayleigh Fading (RF) and
close-in Free Space (FS) reference distance path loss. Performance is evaluated
by five metrics: consensus success rate, latency, throughput, reliability gain,
and energy consumption. Meanwhile, we find and derive that there is a maximum
distance between two nodes that can make CMs inevitably successful, and it is
named the active distance of CMs. The research results not only analyze the
performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks, but also provide
important references for the future transmission of THz and mmWave signals in
PBFT and RAFT networks.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2303.1575
On the Viable Area of Wireless Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Blockchain Networks
Distributed systems are crucial to the full realization of the Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem as it mitigates the challenges of trust, security, and scalability associated with the traditional centralized approach. In this paper, we present an analytical modeling framework for Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)-a consensus method for blockchain in IoT networks. We define the viable area for the wireless PBFT networks which guarantees the minimum number of replica nodes required for achieving the protocol's safety and liveliness. We also present an analytical framework for obtaining the viable area which we later utilize for power optimization. Results show that significant energy saving can be achieved with the utilization of the viable area concept in wireless PBFT networks. The proposed framework can serve as a theoretical guidance for practical PBFT based wireless blockchain network deployment
Performance Analysis of Wireless Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Networks Using IEEE 802.11
Blockchain has achieved great success in cryptocurrency for its peculiarities for security and privacy, which are also important in the wireless network. Therefore, there are growing interests in applying blockchain to the wireless network. Wireless Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is considered the most applicable consensus mechanism. However, the existing researches and applications are mostly under wired scenarios. In this paper, we investigated the performance of the wireless PBFT network using IEEE 802.11 under unsaturated situations. The performance is evaluated through three metrics: success probability, delay and throughput. Results suggest that there exists a minimum transmission success probability to achieve the end-to-end performance required for the PBFT consensus protocol
Blockchain-enabled resource management and sharing for 6G communications
The sixth-generation (6G) network must provide performance superior to previous generations to meet the requirements of emerging services and applications, such as multi-gigabit transmission rate, even higher reliability, and sub 1 ms latency and ubiquitous connection for the Internet of Everything (IoE). However, with the scarcity of spectrum resources, efficient resource management and sharing are crucial to achieving all these ambitious requirements. One possible technology to achieve all this is the blockchain. Because of its inherent properties, the blockchain has recently gained an important position, which is of great significance to 6G network and other networks. In particular, the integration of the blockchain in 6G will enable the network to monitor and manage resource utilization and sharing efficiently. Hence, in this paper, we discuss the potentials of the blockchain for resource management and sharing in 6G using multiple application scenarios, namely, Internet of things, device-to-device communications, network slicing, and inter-domain blockchain ecosystems
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