Energy Efficient Path Determination in WANET

ABSTRACT: Two algorithms were used in Energy-Efficient Reliable Routing in wireless Ad Hoc networks. Reliable minimum energy cost routing(RMECR) and Reliable minimum energy routing(RMER) . It reduces energy cost and data communication in wireless network . RMECR can increase the operational lifetime of the network using energy efficient reliable routes. RMECR have two types of networks : Hop by Hop and End by End. In the HBH system, a lost packet in each hop is retransmitted by the sender to ensure link level reliability. In EBE the ACKs are generated only at the destination and retransmissions happen only between the end nodes. RMER finds routes minimizing the energy consumed to route a packet from a source node to a destination node. It also extends the operational lifetime of the network . Disadvantages are End to end delay is maximum, Overusing of nodes may occur , Energy loss is high ,Retransmission of packets high. In this paper , we propose an algorithm called Enhanced RMECR (ERMECR) which is used to find out the high energy intermediators. Here the data is to be transmitted through the path which contains the high energy. Besides the energy constraints are considered for the path selection process. The path selection from source to destination is least hop count with high energy

Maximization of Network Lifetime Using LAR Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Network

ABSTRACT: Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that forms a network. Power constraint is a one of the major design constraints in mobile ad-hoc network. The mobile nodes are battery driven, hence it is important to extend the energy of the each node to improve the operational lifetime. The proposed energy aware routing algorithms for MANETs, called LAR (Location Aided Routing) is based on a fully distributed and a threshold based certified lake address allocation model. Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) Protocol was developed on the concept of the Location Aided Routing (LAR). EELAR makes considerable reduction in the energy consumption of the node batteries by limiting the area of discovering a new route to a smaller zone. Thus, the control packet overhead is reduced. In EELAR, a reference wireless base station is used and the network's circular area centered at the base station is divided into six equal sub-areas. While LAR is deployed, the increasing in communication transparency and latency is fairly reasonable then it's also used to dynamic based allocation protocol. The availability and the security are so guaranteed for the MANET auto configuration service while unmoving ensuring efficiently both network and security parameters for a newly arrived node

Impact of directional antennas on routing and neighbor discovery in wireless ad-hoc networks

Wireless ad-hoc networks are data networks that are deployed without a fixed infrastructure nor central controllers such as access points or base stations. In these networks, data packets are forwarded directly to the destination node if they are within the transmission range of the sender or sent through a multi-hop path of intermediary nodes that act as relays. This paradigm where a fixed infrastructure is not needed, is tolerant to topology changes and allows a fast deployment have been considered as a promissory technology that is suitable for a large number of network implementations, such as mobile hand-held devices, wireless sensors, disaster recovery networks, etc. Recently, smart directional antennas have been identified as a robust technology that can boost the performance of wireless ad-hoc networks in terms of coverage, connectivity, and capacity. Contrary to omnidirectional antennas, which can radiate energy in all directions, directional antennas can focus the energy in a specific direction, extending the coverage range for the same power level. Longer ranges provide shorter paths to destination nodes and also improve connectivity. Moreover, directional antennas can reduce the number of collisions in a contention-based access scheme as they can steer the main lobe in the desired direction and set nulls in all the others, thereby they minimize the co-channel interference and reduce the noise level. Connections are more reliable due to the increased link stability and spatial diversity. Shorter paths, as well as alternative paths, are also available as a consequence of the use of directional antennas. All these features combined results in a higher network capacity. Most of the previous research has focused on adapting the existing medium access control and routing protocols to utilize directional communications. This research work is novel because it improves the neighbor discovery process as it allows to discover nodes in the second neighborhood of a given node using a gossip based procedure and by sharing the relative position information obtained during this stage with the routing protocol with the aim of reducing the number of hops between source and destination. We have also developed a model to evaluate the energy consumed by the nodes when smart directional antennas are used in the ad-hoc network. This study has demonstrated that by adapting the beamwidth of the antennas nodes are able to reach furthest nodes and consequently, reduce the number of hops between source and destination. This fact not only reduces the end-to-end delay and improves the network throughput but also reduces the average energy consumed by the whole network

On Accurate Energy Consumption Models for Wireless Ad hoc Networks

Energy conservation is important for ad hoc networks. However, little effort has been made to carefully study the energy cost metrics upon which the design of various energy efficient algorithms is based. More specifically, most existing energy consumption models only considered energy cost in exchanging data packets, although common wireless protocols also need control packets (e.g., ACK) for reliable data transmissions. Without considering the energy cost for exchanging control packets, these existing models tend to underestimate the actual energy consumption, and thus leading to suboptimal energy efficient designs. In this paper, we develop energy consumption models that take into account energy consumption due to data packets, control packets and retransmission. We verify by simulation that our models match the actual energy consumption much better than existing models. In addition, we show that a minimum energy routing protocol based on an accurate model of ours performs much better than those based on existing models