BERMAIN PURA-PURA (PRETEND PLAY)ANAK USIA PRA-SEKOLAH(Studi Pada Anak Usia 1-2 Tahun)

Playing is the world's children. Play makes children know the world and the environment, the opportunity to learn to solve problems and develop creativity. Several types of games made by children is one of them is kind of pretend game that became the object of research. The purpose of this study is to investigate, describe and identify the pretend play activities of children age 1-2 tahunditinjau of aspect types of games, media, frequency of occurrence, playing with friends or alone, the role of parents, influence of friends and social and cultural environment. Data collection method is to perform observations pretend play by respondents over the age of 1-2 years and unstructured interviews in the elderly respondents. While the analytical techniques used in qualitative analysis. Based on the analysis results can be concluded: 1.Anak 12-15 months of age tend to play solitary pretend play, ages 19 months tend to be solitary pretend play pretend at this stage of parallel play and age 24 months were more likely in social pretend play, although there are still solitary pretend playnya. 2.Media used children aged 12-15 months tend to be realistic substitute object, while the age of 19-24 months is not only realistic but nevertheless a replacement object is not realistic, even children aged 24 months appears also to play pretend without the tool but only imitate the movement only. 3.Frekwensi emergence was not influenced gender but influenced by age. Age affects the theme, increasing age, the themes become more varied. 4.Gender tend to influence the themes and media. Women tend to domestic theme, the nature and feminist media, while men tend to be masculine themes and media, although not all children are like that because of limited subjects in this study. 5.Respon parents more support in the game that carried the child

A study of event traffic during the shared manipulation of objects within a collaborative virtual environment

Event management must balance consistency and responsiveness above the requirements of shared object interaction within a Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) system. An understanding of the event traffic during collaborative tasks helps in the design of all aspects of a CVE system. The application, user activity, the display interface, and the network resources, all play a part in determining the characteristics of event management. Linked cubic displays lend themselves well to supporting natural social human communication between remote users. To allow users to communicate naturally and subconsciously, continuous and detailed tracking is necessary. This, however, is hard to balance with the real-time consistency constraints of general shared object interaction. This paper aims to explain these issues through a detailed examination of event traffic produced by a typical CVE, using both immersive and desktop displays, while supporting a variety of collaborative activities. We analyze event traffic during a highly collaborative task requiring various forms of shared object manipulation, including the concurrent manipulation of a shared object. Event sources are categorized and the influence of the form of object sharing as well as the display device interface are detailed. With the presented findings the paper wishes to aid the design of future systems

Adaptive imputation of missing values for incomplete pattern classification

In classification of incomplete pattern, the missing values can either play a crucial role in the class determination, or have only little influence (or eventually none) on the classification results according to the context. We propose a credal classification method for incomplete pattern with adaptive imputation of missing values based on belief function theory. At first, we try to classify the object (incomplete pattern) based only on the available attribute values. As underlying principle, we assume that the missing information is not crucial for the classification if a specific class for the object can be found using only the available information. In this case, the object is committed to this particular class. However, if the object cannot be classified without ambiguity, it means that the missing values play a main role for achieving an accurate classification. In this case, the missing values will be imputed based on the K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) and self-organizing map (SOM) techniques, and the edited pattern with the imputation is then classified. The (original or edited) pattern is respectively classified according to each training class, and the classification results represented by basic belief assignments are fused with proper combination rules for making the credal classification. The object is allowed to belong with different masses of belief to the specific classes and meta-classes (which are particular disjunctions of several single classes). The credal classification captures well the uncertainty and imprecision of classification, and reduces effectively the rate of misclassifications thanks to the introduction of meta-classes. The effectiveness of the proposed method with respect to other classical methods is demonstrated based on several experiments using artificial and real data sets

Gravitational strings. Do we see one?

I present a class of objects called gravitational strings (GS) for their similarity to the conventional cosmic strings: even though the former are just singularities in flat spacetime, both varieties are equally "realistic", they may play equally important cosmological r\^ole and their lensing properties are akin. I argue that the enigmatic object CSL-1 is an evidence in favor of the existence of GS.Comment: The published version. Minor correction

Evolution of the Jet-Feedback Mechanism (JFM)

I list eight types of astrophysical objects where jets, and more particularly the jet feedback mechanism (JFM), might operate, and discuss cases where an object evolves from one type to another while the JFM continues to operate. In four of these classes of objects jets are known to play significant, or even crucial, roles: in cooling flows, during galaxy formation, in young stellar objects (YSO), and in planetary nebulae. In core collapse supernovae (CCSNe), in the common envelope evolution (CEE), in the grazing envelope evolution (GEE), and in intermediate-luminosity optical transients (ILOTs) the suggestion that a JFM takes place is still controversial. I call for a refresh thinking and more detail studies of the possibility that jets play a large role in exploding massive stars and in the CEE. I also present a new speculative scenario where the first active galactic nuclei (AGN) were preceded by a JFM that operated during the life time of the supermassive young object (SMYO) progenitor of the AGN. A short and energetic phase of CCSN took place between the SMYO and the AGN phases. I term this scenario of young object to supernova to AGN (YOSA) that includes a JFM along all stages, the YOSA-JFM scenario. I speculate that in the YOSA-JFM scenario, the JFM that might have operated during the phase of the SMYO started to establish the correlations between the mass of the super-massive black hole (SMBH) and some properties of the stellar component of galaxies before the formation of the SMBH.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of Science: Frontier Research in Astrophysics - II, 23-28 May 2016 Mondello (Palermo), Italy; Ed. Franco Giovannell

Combining Physical Simulators and Object-Based Networks for Control

Physics engines play an important role in robot planning and control; however, many real-world control problems involve complex contact dynamics that cannot be characterized analytically. Most physics engines therefore employ . approximations that lead to a loss in precision. In this paper, we propose a hybrid dynamics model, simulator-augmented interaction networks (SAIN), combining a physics engine with an object-based neural network for dynamics modeling. Compared with existing models that are purely analytical or purely data-driven, our hybrid model captures the dynamics of interacting objects in a more accurate and data-efficient manner.Experiments both in simulation and on a real robot suggest that it also leads to better performance when used in complex control tasks. Finally, we show that our model generalizes to novel environments with varying object shapes and materials.Comment: ICRA 2019; Project page: http://sain.csail.mit.ed

Representing an Object by Interchanging What with Where

Exploring representations is a fundamental step towards understanding vision. The visual system carries two types of information along separate pathways: One is about what it is and the other is about where it is. Initially, the what is represented by a pattern of activity that is distributed across millions of photoreceptors, whereas the where is 'implicitly' given as their retinotopic positions. Many computational theories of object recognition rely on such pixel-based representations, but they are insufficient to learn spatial information such as position and size due to the implicit encoding of the where information. 
Here we try transforming a retinal image of an object into its internal image via interchanging the what with the where, which means that patterns of intensity in internal image describe the spatial information rather than the object information. To be concrete, the retinal image of an object is deformed and turned over into a negative image, in which light areas appear dark and vice versa, and the object's spatial information is quantified with levels of intensity on borders of that image. 
Interestingly, the inner part excluding the borders of the internal image shows the position and scale invariance. In order to further understand how the internal image associates the what and where, we examined the internal image of a face which moves or is scaled on the retina. As a result, we found that the internal images form a linear vector space under the object translation and scaling. 
In conclusion, these results show that the what-where interchangeability might play an important role for organizing those two into internal representation of brain