585 research outputs found

    The morning glory wave of southern California

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    A pulse-like disturbance traveling across the Los Angeles basin was observed on 12 October 2001 with seismographs of the TriNet network. This wave had a period of about 1000 s and a propagation speed of about 10 m/s, much slower than seismic waves. The seismograph data were compared with barograph data, and a good correlation was found so the wave was determined to be atmospheric in origin. It had amplitude of about 1 mbar, but it was not known what process could produce such a wave. Since the initial finding, we have inspected all the TriNet barograph and seismograph data for a period of two and a half years (from January 2000 to August 2002) and found four more similar events. Each of the events has amplitude between 0.8 and 1.3 mbar, a period between 700 and 1400 s, and a propagation speed between 5 and 25 m/s. We conclude that these waves are internal gravity waves trapped in a stable layer formed by a temperature inversion. Some of these waves have large amplitudes and develop into solitary waves (nonlinear internal gravity waves) similar to the spectacular “morning glory” wave observed in Australia. We call these waves the LA morning glory waves. The LA morning glory wave is probably excited by either stormy weather, winds such as the Santa Ana winds, or large teleseismic events. The morning glory wave could contribute to the recently reported excitation of the background free oscillations of the Earth. Additionally, because of its large amplitude it could have important implications for aviation safety, as was suggested earlier for the morning glory waves in Australia

    Lasers à fibre à synchronisation modale passive par rotation non linéaire de la polarisation : dynamique en régime multi-impulsionnel

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    Les travaux présentés dans cet ouvrage concernent l’étude de la dynamique des lasers à fibre à synchronisation modale passive. Le mécanisme qui assure la formation des impulsions repose sur un principe d’interférométrie non linéaire (i.e. rotation non linéaire de la polarisation). Or, ce mécanisme possède la particularité de voir son action être renversée lorsque la puissance des impulsions dépasse un certain seuil, i.e. les ailes observent un gain plus élevé que le centre de l’impulsion. Le train d’impulsions devient alors instable, une situation généralement suivie de l’apparition d’une ou plusieurs impulsions additionnelles. Dans ce nouveau régime, il est courant d’observer la formation de groupes d’impulsions cohérentes. La nature de l’interaction en jeu diffère selon que la dispersion observée par les impulsions est plus ou moins élevée. Dans le cas où la dispersion résiduelle de la cavité permet la propagation d’impulsions solitoniques, il a été montré que ce phénomène est relié à l’interaction non linéaire entre les impulsions et les ondes dispersives résonantes émises suite aux perturbations périodiques encourues par les impulsions suivant leur propagation dans la cavité. Toutefois, dans le cas où des milieux de dispersion positive et négative sont disposés dans la cavité pour faire en sorte de réduire la dispersion résiduelle de celle-ci, les bandes latérales associées aux ondes dispersives résonantes s’en trouvent fortement atténuées en raison de la dérive de fréquence (importante) observée par les impulsions dans chaque portion de la cavité. En fait, on montre que la formation des groupes d’impulsions résulte plutôt de l’interaction directe entre les impulsions puisque celles-ci sont amenées à se superposer partiellement sur une portion significative de la cavité. Également, dans ce même régime, on rapporte l’observation de collisions qui se produisent entre des groupes d’impulsions voyageant avec des vitesses différentes. Divers scénarios sont observés suivant les modifications plus ou moins importantes entraînées par la collision. En effet, il n’est pas nécessaire que l’énergie et la quantité de mouvement soient conservées lors des collisions entre les impulsions dans le laser puisqu’il s’agit d’un système dissipatif. En outre, dans le cas où les collisions se répètent sur une base périodique, l’acquisition d’une séquence d’autocorrélations a permis de mettre en évidence la dynamique particulière qui caractérise le processus de collision.The work presented herein is primarily concerned with the dynamics of passively mode-locked fiber lasers. The mechanism used for achieving pulse emission relies on nonlinear interferometry (i.e. nonlinear polarization rotation). However, the same mechanism acts as a limiter whenever the pulse power is increased above a given amount, i.e. the wings are subject to a higher gain than the peak of the pulse. The pulse train then becomes unstable and the creation of one or more additional pulses follows from this instability. In this new regime, it is not unusual to observe the formation of coherent states of bound pulses. The nature of the interaction responsible for this phenomenon depends on the amount of dispersion experienced by the pulses along the laser cavity. In the case of a cavity that sustains the formation of solitons, the occurrence of pulse bound states was shown to result from the nonlinear interaction between the pulses and the resonant dispersive waves emitted as a result of the periodic perturbations the solitons undergo on successive cavity round trips. In contrast, for the case of a cavity built from positive and negative dispersion fibers such as to reduce the net dispersion, the sidebands related to the resonant dispersive waves are greatly reduced because of the significant frequency chirp the pulses acquire along each fiber segment. Thus we show here that the formation of pulse bound states results instead from the direct interaction between the multiple pulses since the pulses interfere with one another on a significant part of the laser cavity. In addition, in the same regime, we report the observation of collisions occurring between pulse bound states traveling with different group velocities. This process may result in several outcomes, depending on the changes the bound states undergo during the collisions. In fact, energy and momentum need not be conserved in the process since the laser is a dissipative system. Finally, in the case of collisions that repeat periodically, the acquisition of a sequence of autocorrelations allowed us to verify the peculiar dynamics that characterizes the collision process

    Eight-input optical programmable logic array enabled by parallel spectrum modulation

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    Despite over 40 years' development of optical logic computing, the studies have been still struggling to support more than four operands, since the high parallelism of light has not been fully leveraged blocked by the optical nonlinearity and redundant input modulation in existing methods. Here, we propose a scalable multi-input optical programmable logic array (PLA) with minimal logical input, enabled by parallel spectrum modulation. By making full use of the wavelength resource, an eight-input PLA is experimentally demonstrated, and there are 2^256 possible combinations of generated logic gates. Various complex logic fuctions, such as 8-256 decoder, 4-bit comparator, adder and multiplier are experimentally demonstrated via leveraging the PLA. The scale of PLA can be further extended by fully using the dimensions of wavelength and space. As an example, a nine-input PLA is implemented to realize the two-dimensional optical cellular automaton for the first time and perform Conway's Game of Life to simulate the evolutionary process of cells. Our work significantly alleviates the challenge of extensibility of optical logic devices, opening up new avenues for future large-scale, high-speed and energy-efficient optical digital computing

    Propagation of elastic solitons in chains of pre-deformed beams

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    International audienceWe use a combination of experiments, numerical analysis and theory to investigate the nonlinear dynamic response of a chain of precompressed elastic beams. Our results show that this simple system offers a rich platform to study the propagation of large amplitude waves. Compression waves are strongly dispersive, whereas rarefaction pulses propagate in the form of solitons. Further, we find that the model describing our structure closely resembles those introduced to characterize the dynamics of several molecular chains and macromolecular crystals, suggesting that our macroscopic system can provide insights into the effect of nonlinear vibrations on molecular mechanisms

    Quantum random number generators for industrial applications

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    Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2017-2018. Àmbit de CiènciesRandomness is one of the most intriguing, inspiring and debated topics in the history of the world. It appears every time we wonder about our existence, about the way we are, e.g. Do we have free will? Is evolution a result of chance? It is also present in any attempt to understand our anchoring to the universe, and about the rules behind the universe itself, e.g. Why are we here and when and why did all this start? Is the universe deterministic or does unpredictability exist? Remarkably, randomness also plays a central role in the information era and technology. Random digits are used in communication protocols like Ethernet, in search engines and in processing algorithms as page rank. Randomness is also widely used in so-called Monte Carlo methods in physics, biology, chemistry, finance and mathematics, as well as in many other disciplines. However, the most iconic use of random digits is found in cryptography. Random numbers are used to generate cryptographic keys, which are the most basic element to provide security and privacy to any form of secure communication. This thesis has been carried out with the following questions in mind: Does randomness exist in photonics? If so, how do we mine it and how do we mine it in a massively scalable manner so that everyone can easily use it? Addressing these two questions lead us to combine tools from fundamental physics and engineering. The thesis starts with an in-depth study of the phase diffusion process in semiconductor lasers and its application to random number generation. In contrast to other physical processes based on deterministic laws of nature, the phase diffusion process has a pure quantum mechanical origin, and, as such, is an ideal source for generating truly unpredictable digits. First, we experimentally demonstrated the fastest quantum random number generation scheme ever reported (at the time), using components from the telecommunications industry only. Up to 40 Gb/s were demonstrated to be possible using a pulsed scheme. We then moved towards building prototypes and testing them with partners in supercomputation and fundamental research. In particular, the devices developed during this thesis were used in the landmark loophole- free Bell test experiments of 2015. In the process of building the technology, we started a new research focus as an attempt to answer the following question: How do we know that the digits that we generate are really coming from the phase diffusion process that we trust? As a result, we introduced the randomness metrology methodology, which can be used to derive quantitative bounds on the quality of any physical random number generation device. Finally, we moved towards miniaturisation of the technology by leveraging techniques from the photonic integrated circuits technology industry. The first fully integrated quantum random number generator was demonstrated using a novel two-laser scheme on an Indium Phosphide platform. In addition, we also demonstrated the integration of part of the technology on a Silicon Photonics platform, opening the door towards manufacturing in the most advanced semiconductor industry.L’aleatorietat és un dels temes més intrigants, inspiradors i debatuts al llarg de la història. És un concepte que sorgeix quan ens preguntem sobre la nostra pròpia existència i de per què som com som. Tenim freewill? És l’evolució resultat de l’atzar? L’aleatorietat és també un tema que sorgeix quan intentem entendre la nostra relació amb l’univers mateix. Per què estem aquí? Quan o com va començar tot això? És l’univers una màquina determinista o hi ha cabuda per a l’atzar? Sorprenentment, l’aleatorietat també juga un paper crucial en l’era de la informació i la tecnologia. Els nombres aleatoris es fan servir en protocols de comunicació com Ethernet, en algoritmes de classificació i processat com Page Rank. També usem l’aleatorietat en els mètodes Monte Carlo, que s’utilitzen en els àmbits de la física, la biologia, la química, les finances o les matemàtiques. Malgrat això, l’aplicació més icònica per als nombres aleatoris la trobem en el camp de la criptografia o ciber-seguretat. Els nombres aleatoris es fan servir per a generar claus criptogràfiques, l’element bàsic que proporciona la seguretat i privacitat a les nostres comunicacions. Aquesta tesi parteix de la següent pregunta fonamental: Existeix l’aleatorietat a la fotònica? En cas afirmatiu, com podem extreure-la i ferla accessible a tothom? Per a afrontar aquestes dues preguntes, s’han combinat eines des de la física fonamental fins a l’enginyeria. La tesi parteix d’un estudi detallat del procés de difusió de fase en làsers semiconductors i de com aplicar aquest procés per a la generació de nombres aleatoris. A diferència d’altres processos físics basats en lleis deterministes de la natura, la difusió de fase té un origen purament quàntic, i per tant, és una font ideal per a generar nombres aleatoris. Primerament, i fent servir aquest procés de difusió de fase, vam crear el generador quàntic de nombres aleatoris més ràpid mai implementat (en aquell moment) fent servir, únicament, components de la indústria de les telecomunicacions. Més de 40 Gb/s van ser demostrats fent servir un esquema de làser polsat. Posteriorment, vam construir diversos prototips que van ser testejats en aplicacions de ciència fonamental i supercomputació. En particular, alguns dels prototips desenvolupats en aquesta tesi van ser claus en els famosos experiments loophole-free Bell tests realitzats l’any 2015. En el procés de construir aquests prototips, vam iniciar una nova línia de recerca per a intentar contestar una nova pregunta: Com sabem si els nombres aleatoris que generem realment sorgeixen del procés de difusió de fase, tal com nosaltres creiem? Com a resultat, vam introduir una nova metodologia, la metrologia de l’aleatorietat. Aquesta es pot fer servir per a derivar límits quantificables sobre la qualitat de qualsevol dispositiu de generació de nombres aleatoris físic. Finalment, ens vam moure en la direcció de la miniaturització de la tecnologia utilitzant tècniques de la indústria de la fotònica integrada. En particular, vam demostrar el primer generador de nombres aleatoris quàntic totalment integrat, fent servir un esquema de dos làsers en un xip de Fosfur d’Indi. En paral·lel, també vam demostrar la integració d’una part del dispositiu emprant tecnologia de Silici, obrint les portes, per tant, a la producció a gran escala a través de la indústria més avançada de semiconductors.La aleatoriedad es uno de los temas más intrigantes, inspiradores y debatidos a lo largo de la historia. Es un concepto que surge cuando nos preguntamos sobre nuestra propia existencia y de por qué somos como somos. ¿Tenemos libre albedrío? ¿Es la evolución resultado del azar? La aleatoriedad es también un tema que surge cuando intentamos entender nuestra relación con el universo. ¿Por qué estamos aquí? ¿Cuándo y cómo empezó todo esto? ¿Es el universo una máquina determinista o existe espacio para el azar? Sorprendentemente, la aleatoriedad también juega un papel crucial en la era de la información y la tecnología. Los números aleatorios se usan en protocolos de comunicación como Ethernet, y en algoritmos de clasificación y procesado como Page Rank. También la utilizamos en los métodos Monte Carlo, que sirven en los ámbitos de la física, la biología, la química, las finanzas o las matemáticas. Sin embargo, la aplicación más icónica para los números aleatorios la encontramos en el campo de la criptografía y la ciberseguridad. Aquí, los números aleatorios se usan para generar claves criptográficas, proporcionando el elemento básico para dotar a nuestras comunicaciones de seguridad y privacidad. En esta tesis partimos de la siguiente pregunta fundamental: ¿Existe la aleatoriedad en la fotónica? En caso afirmativo, ¿Cómo podemos extraerla y hacerla accesible a todo el mundo? Para afrontar estas dos preguntas, se han combinado herramientas desde la física fundamental hasta la ingeniería. La tesis parte de un estudio detallado del proceso de difusión de fase en láseres semiconductores y de cómo aplicar este proceso para la generación de números aleatorios. A diferencia de otros procesos físicos basados en leyes deterministas de la naturaleza, la difusión de fase tiene un origen puramente cuántico y, por lo tanto, es una fuente ideal para generar números aleatorios. Primeramente, y utilizando este proceso de difusión de fase, creamos el generador cuántico de números aleatorios más rápido nunca implementado (en ese momento) utilizando únicamente componentes de la industria de las telecomunicaciones. Más de 40 Gb/s fueron demostrados utilizando un esquema de láser pulsado. Posteriormente, construimos varios prototipos que fueron testeados en aplicaciones de ciencia fundamental y supercomputación. En particular, algunos de los prototipos desarrollados en esta tesis fueron claves en los famosos experimentos Loophole-free Bell tests realizados en el 2015. En el proceso de construir estos prototipos, iniciamos una nueva línea de investigación para intentar dar respuesta a una nueva pregunta: ¿Cómo sabemos si los números aleatorios que generamos realmente surgen del proceso de difusión de fase, tal y como nosotros creemos? Como resultado introdujimos una nueva metodología, la metrología de la aleatoriedad. Esta se puede usar para derivar límites cuantificables sobre la calidad de cualquier dispositivo de generación de números aleatorios físico. Finalmente, nos movimos en la dirección de la miniaturización de la tecnología utilizando técnicas de la industria de la fotónica integrada. En particular, creamos el primer generador de números aleatorios cuántico totalmente integrado utilizando un esquema de dos láseres en un chip de Fosfuro de Indio. En paralelo, también demostramos la integración de una parte del dispositivo utilizando tecnología de Silicio, abriendo las puertas, por tanto, a la producción a gran escala a través de la industria más avanzada de semiconductores.Award-winningPostprint (published version

    Deep Learning with Photonic Neural Cellular Automata

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    Rapid advancements in deep learning over the past decade have fueled an insatiable demand for efficient and scalable hardware. Photonics offers a promising solution by leveraging the unique properties of light. However, conventional neural network architectures, which typically require dense programmable connections, pose several practical challenges for photonic realizations. To overcome these limitations, we propose and experimentally demonstrate Photonic Neural Cellular Automata (PNCA) for photonic deep learning with sparse connectivity. PNCA harnesses the speed and interconnectivity of photonics, as well as the self-organizing nature of cellular automata through local interactions to achieve robust, reliable, and efficient processing. We utilize linear light interference and parametric nonlinear optics for all-optical computations in a time-multiplexed photonic network to experimentally perform self-organized image classification. We demonstrate binary classification of images in the fashion-MNIST dataset using as few as 3 programmable photonic parameters, achieving an experimental accuracy of 98.0% with the ability to also recognize out-of-distribution data. The proposed PNCA approach can be adapted to a wide range of existing photonic hardware and provides a compelling alternative to conventional photonic neural networks by maximizing the advantages of light-based computing whilst mitigating their practical challenges. Our results showcase the potential of PNCA in advancing photonic deep learning and highlights a path for next-generation photonic computers
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