Reunion overseas: introduced wild boars and cultivated orange trees interact in the Brazilian Atlantic forest

Little is known concerning novel interactions between species that typically interact in their native range but, as a consequence of human activity, are also interacting out of their original distribution under new ecological conditions. Objective: We investigate the interaction between the orange tree and wild boar, both of which share Asian origins and have been introduced to the Americas (i.e. the overseas). Methods: Specifically, we assessed whether i) wild boars consume orange (Citrus sinensis) fruits and seeds in orchards adjacent to a remnant of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, ii) the orange seeds are viable after passing through boar’s digestive tract and iii) whether the orange tree may naturalise in the forest remnant assisted by wild boars. Results: Our camera surveys indicated that wild boar was by far the most frequent consumer of orange fruits (40.5 % of camera trap-days). A considerable proportion of sown orange seeds extracted from fresh boar feces emerged seedlings (27.8 %, N = 386) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Further, 37.6 % of sown seeds (N = 500) in the forest remnant emerged seedlings in July 2015; however, after ~4 years (March 2019) only 9 seedlings survived (i.e. 4.8 %, N = 188). Finally, 52 sweet orange seedlings were found during surveys within the forest remnant which is intensively used by wild boars. This study indicates a high potential of boars to act as effective seed dispersers of the sweet orange. However, harsh competition with native vegetation and the incidence of lethal diseases, which quickly kill sweet orange trees under non-agricultural conditions, could seriously limit orange tree establishment in the forest. Conclusions: Our results have important implications not only because the wild boar could be a vector of potential invasive species, but also because they disperse seeds of some native species (e.g. the queen palm, Syagrus romanzofiana) in defaunated forests, where large native seed dispersers are missing; thus, wild boars could exert critical ecological functions lost due to human activityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

CELE: 55 AÑOS DE VIDA UNIVERSITARIA Y DE ENCOMIABLE LABOR EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE IDIOMAS

...el primer asiento del “Depto. de Lenguas Extranjeras” (ése fue su primer nombre), fue la planta alta de la esquina sureste del hoy “Jardín de los Naranjos”, el antiguo “Patio de Estudios”. Esto sucedió el 5 de junio de 1959

Importation of Obsidian at Cerro Palenque, Honduras: Results of an Analysis by EDXRF

The results of source analysis by EDXRF of obsidian artifacts from the Mesoamerican site of Cerro Palenque in Honduras are reported and changes over time discussed. Sources of obsidian include Ixtepeque, El Chayal, Jalapa, San Martin Jilotepeque, and San Barolome in Guatemala. Some Pachuca obsidian from Mexico was also found. Honduran sources include La Esperanza and La Union. The implications of the obsidian sources are discussed in the context of changes at Cerro Palenque over time as it becomes the largest settlement in the lower Ulua Valley (Sula Valley) in the ninth century AD

Un dels camins més bells d'Europa. La formació del concepte d'hort de tarongers a partir de les mirades literàries de l'itinerari entre Alzira i Carcaixent

Desde la Edad Media el naranjo se convierte en un árbol habitual de la jardinería, siendo muy apreciado por sus cualidades estéticas. A finales del siglo XVIII se inicia su cultivo comercial con la plantación de los primeros huertos junto al camino que une las localidades de Alzira i Carcaixent. Se analizan las características y evolución del concepto de huerto de naranjos durante la centuria que transcurre entre sus orígenes y los años ochenta del siglo XIX relacionando la realidad objetiva del paisaje con las apreciaciones escritas por los autores que a lo largo de este período recorrieron este itinerario. El cambio más significativo que se produce durante este período previo a la canonización del concepto de huerto burgués se centra en el árbol naranjo, que pasa del policultivo inicial propio del huerto-jardín valenciano de donde parte, a monopolizar toda la superficie con criterios de rentabilidad económica. Al tratarse en sus orígenes de un árbol de jardín, el paisaje resultante de su cultivo goza desde sus inicios de una alta valoración estética compartida por todos los autores que lo recorren por diversos motivos. (A

Epiphyllous Lejeuneaceae in Costa Rica : contributions to the altitudinal distribution of selected species

The altitudina l distribution of selected species of epiphyllous Lejeuneaceae shows 6 groups (table 1 and 2): I (only lower than 500 m) Cololejeunea setiloba; II (1-1600m) Aphanolejeunea costaricensis, A. moralesiae, Cololejeunea cardiocarpa, C. guadelupensis, C. linopteroides, C. obliqua, C. papillifera, C. standleyi, Colura verdoornii, Cyclolejeunea chitonia, C. peruviana, Diplasiolejeunea brunnea, Microlejeunea epiphylla, Rectolejeunea berteroana, R. cf. emarginuliflora, Stictolejeunea squamata; III (1-3000m) Aphanolejeunea angustissima, Colura tortifolia, Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia, D. pellucida, Drepanolejeunea inchoata, Dr. lichenicola, Lejeunea laetevirens, Odontolejeunea lunulata; IV (only 500-1600m) Aphanolejeunea cingens, A. longifolia, A. pustulosa, Cyclolejeunea accedens, C. convexistipa, Diplasiolejeunea grolleana, D. unidentata, Harpalejeunea uncinata, Lejeunea filipes, Odontolejeunea decemdentata; V (500-3000m) Anoplolejeunea conferta, Aphanolejeunea crenata, A. ephemeroides, Colura tenuicornis, Diplasiolejeunea alata, Drepanolejeunea infundibulata, Dr. mosenii, Lejeunea flava, Omphalanthus filiformis; VI (only above 1600-3000m) Aphanolejeunea camillii, Cololejeunea fefeana, Diplasiolejeunea costaricensis sp.nov., D. involuta