A reference model for integrated energy and power management of HPC systems

Optimizing a computer for highest performance dictates the efficient use of its limited resources. Computers as a whole are rather complex. Therefore, it is not sufficient to consider optimizing hardware and software components independently. Instead, a holistic view to manage the interactions of all components is essential to achieve system-wide efficiency. For High Performance Computing (HPC) systems, today, the major limiting resources are energy and power. The hardware mechanisms to measure and control energy and power are exposed to software. The software systems using these mechanisms range from firmware, operating system, system software to tools and applications. Efforts to improve energy and power efficiency of HPC systems and the infrastructure of HPC centers achieve perpetual advances. In isolation, these efforts are unable to cope with the rising energy and power demands of large scale systems. A systematic way to integrate multiple optimization strategies, which build on complementary, interacting hardware and software systems is missing. This work provides a reference model for integrated energy and power management of HPC systems: the Open Integrated Energy and Power (OIEP) reference model. The goal is to enable the implementation, setup, and maintenance of modular system-wide energy and power management solutions. The proposed model goes beyond current practices, which focus on individual HPC centers or implementations, in that it allows to universally describe any hierarchical energy and power management systems with a multitude of requirements. The model builds solid foundations to be understandable and verifiable, to guarantee stable interaction of hardware and software components, for a known and trusted chain of command. This work identifies the main building blocks of the OIEP reference model, describes their abstract setup, and shows concrete instances thereof. A principal aspect is how the individual components are connected, interface in a hierarchical manner and thus can optimize for the global policy, pursued as a computing center's operating strategy. In addition to the reference model itself, a method for applying the reference model is presented. This method is used to show the practicality of the reference model and its application. For future research in energy and power management of HPC systems, the OIEP reference model forms a cornerstone to realize --- plan, develop and integrate --- innovative energy and power management solutions. For HPC systems themselves, it supports to transparently manage current systems with their inherent complexity, it allows to integrate novel solutions into existing setups, and it enables to design new systems from scratch. In fact, the OIEP reference model represents a basis for holistic efficient optimization.Computer auf höchstmögliche Rechenleistung zu optimieren bedingt Effizienzmaximierung aller limitierenden Ressourcen. Computer sind komplexe Systeme. Deshalb ist es nicht ausreichend, Hardware und Software isoliert zu betrachten. Stattdessen ist eine Gesamtsicht des Systems notwendig, um die Interaktionen aller Einzelkomponenten zu organisieren und systemweite Optimierungen zu ermöglichen. Für Höchstleistungsrechner (HLR) ist die limitierende Ressource heute ihre Leistungsaufnahme und der resultierende Gesamtenergieverbrauch. In aktuellen HLR-Systemen sind Energie- und Leistungsaufnahme programmatisch auslesbar als auch direkt und indirekt steuerbar. Diese Mechanismen werden in diversen Softwarekomponenten von Firmware, Betriebssystem, Systemsoftware bis hin zu Werkzeugen und Anwendungen genutzt und stetig weiterentwickelt. Durch die Komplexität der interagierenden Systeme ist eine systematische Optimierung des Gesamtsystems nur schwer durchführbar, als auch nachvollziehbar. Ein methodisches Vorgehen zur Integration verschiedener Optimierungsansätze, die auf komplementäre, interagierende Hardware- und Softwaresysteme aufbauen, fehlt. Diese Arbeit beschreibt ein Referenzmodell für integriertes Energie- und Leistungsmanagement von HLR-Systemen, das „Open Integrated Energy and Power (OIEP)“ Referenzmodell. Das Ziel ist ein Referenzmodell, dass die Entwicklung von modularen, systemweiten energie- und leistungsoptimierenden Sofware-Verbunden ermöglicht und diese als allgemeines hierarchisches Managementsystem beschreibt. Dies hebt das Modell von bisherigen Ansätzen ab, welche sich auf Einzellösungen, spezifischen Software oder die Bedürfnisse einzelner Rechenzentren beschränken. Dazu beschreibt es Grundlagen für ein planbares und verifizierbares Gesamtsystem und erlaubt nachvollziehbares und sicheres Delegieren von Energie- und Leistungsmanagement an Untersysteme unter Aufrechterhaltung der Befehlskette. Die Arbeit liefert die Grundlagen des Referenzmodells. Hierbei werden die Einzelkomponenten der Software-Verbunde identifiziert, deren abstrakter Aufbau sowie konkrete Instanziierungen gezeigt. Spezielles Augenmerk liegt auf dem hierarchischen Aufbau und der resultierenden Interaktionen der Komponenten. Die allgemeine Beschreibung des Referenzmodells erlaubt den Entwurf von Systemarchitekturen, welche letztendlich die Effizienzmaximierung der Ressource Energie mit den gegebenen Mechanismen ganzheitlich umsetzen können. Hierfür wird ein Verfahren zur methodischen Anwendung des Referenzmodells beschrieben, welches die Modellierung beliebiger Energie- und Leistungsverwaltungssystemen ermöglicht. Für Forschung im Bereich des Energie- und Leistungsmanagement für HLR bildet das OIEP Referenzmodell Eckstein, um Planung, Entwicklung und Integration von innovativen Lösungen umzusetzen. Für die HLR-Systeme selbst unterstützt es nachvollziehbare Verwaltung der komplexen Systeme und bietet die Möglichkeit, neue Beschaffungen und Entwicklungen erfolgreich zu integrieren. Das OIEP Referenzmodell bietet somit ein Fundament für gesamtheitliche effiziente Systemoptimierung

Software for Exascale Computing - SPPEXA 2016-2019

This open access book summarizes the research done and results obtained in the second funding phase of the Priority Program 1648 "Software for Exascale Computing" (SPPEXA) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) presented at the SPPEXA Symposium in Dresden during October 21-23, 2019. In that respect, it both represents a continuation of Vol. 113 in Springer’s series Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, the corresponding report of SPPEXA’s first funding phase, and provides an overview of SPPEXA’s contributions towards exascale computing in today's sumpercomputer technology. The individual chapters address one or more of the research directions (1) computational algorithms, (2) system software, (3) application software, (4) data management and exploration, (5) programming, and (6) software tools. The book has an interdisciplinary appeal: scholars from computational sub-fields in computer science, mathematics, physics, or engineering will find it of particular interest

Method and theory in the psychology of art

The unsatisfactory state of the psychology of art as a field of enquiry is analysed and two explanations are offered. The current state of psychology is also analysed and recommendations for change are made which should also improve the psychology of art, particularly in terms of effectiveness and relevance. This is followed by a detailed discussion of three major approaches to the subject, viz. Psycho-analysis, Gestalt psychology and experimental aesthetics. The empirical approach is further analysed in terms of the specific problems of aesthetic measurement. Certain procedures and kinds of measurement are strongly discouraged, whereas other forms are encouraged. The ideas of the preceding four chapters are integrated in chapter five within the frame-work of implicit aesthetic theories, which can structure both the individual's and a culture's encounter with art. In addition it can be used to structure the field of enquiry, particularly with reference to the model of aesthetic perception which is discussed in chapter five. In general, an enlightened empiricism is called for which is based on a model of man akin to that of 'the man in the street'. The psychology of art should deal directly with the phenomenal experience of real works of art. To this end introspection is regarded as an indispensible source of hypotheses which can be tested within an empirical framework. It is unlikely that problems in psychological aesthetics can be resolved except through multilevel, multi-disciplinary explanations. The next four chapters contain discussions of major topics in the psychology of art, viz. the structure of aesthetic reactions; the influences and determinants of aesthetic reactions; the development of aesthetic appreciation; and the problem of meaning in visual art. The final chapter presents a summary and overview.<p

Easterhouse 2004: an ethnographic account of men's experience, use and refusal of violence

The focus of this thesis is on how working class men live with physical interpersonal violence. The place of the research is in Easterhouse, a housing scheme on the outskirts of Glasgow in Scotland. The primary research methods employed are a reflexive engagement with in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation. This concern with a reflexive engagement with the research field and the research ‘data’ is theorised using the sociological tools crafted by Pierre Bourdieu; in particular, his stress on reality as fundamentally relational and his use of reflexivity, habitus, the body and fields to construct and understand human agency. In this thesis, these tools are used to open up moments of often `mindless’ violence and to understand what these moments might ‘mean’ to both those who experience this violence, and how this reality can come to be evacuated/excavated in historical and representational forms. To do this, the thesis considers the formation of habitus through time, across generations and indeed how a relationship to time is made and grounded in everyday experience of class relations and culture (and so the amount of resources or capital that can be brought to bear in the context of these relations). In this sense, the thesis endeavours to complicate what is meant by violence and what is mean by the ‘causes’ of physical interpersonal violence by situating moments of violence as elements in a total fact of life. The thesis situates contemporary forms of physical interpersonal violence in the new social, economic and cultural landscape formed post-1979. That is, continuities and discontinuities are assessed in relation to a tradition of having no tradition and the possibilities for historical self-understanding and agency that such a moment could provide. That is, now that working class culture has been ‘stripped down’ to its economic reality the culture of working class life is simultaneously a coming to terms with this ‘nothing’. Paradoxically, then it is in this ‘nothing’ that agency is found and where history, culture and politics can either come to be ‘reclaimed’ – ‘invented’ – or ‘mobilised’

13th Annual Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, March 17-21, 1997, Conference Proceedings Volumes I & II

Includes Volumes 1 &