Role of antioxidant scavenging enzymes and extracellular polysaccharide in pathogenicity of rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The role of antioxidant scavenging enzymes of plant pathogenic bacteria: catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and a virulence factor; extracelluar polysaccharide prodn. in detg. the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) isolates and its differential reaction to rice cultivars was studied. A varied level of antioxidant scavenging activity and exopolysaccharide prodn. was obsd. among 34 isolates studied, and most of the Xoo isolates with higher catalase activity also exhibited higher ascorbate peroxidase activity. The max. level of catalase (45 μM H2O2 min-​1 mg-​1 protein)​, ascorbate peroxidase (29 μM ascorbate min-​1 mg-​1 proteins) activity and exopolysaccharide prodn. (70 mg) was found in isolate Xoo32 which induced max. lesion length on cultivar 'Jaya' upon clip inoculation in virulence assay. Among the 44 cultivars screened, cultivar 'Jeerigesanna' recorded least bacterial blight disease incidence, with 0.7 cm lesion length. The activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and exopolysaccharide can be employed as bio-​chem. markers in detg. the virulence of Xoo under lab. conditions

Motivasi Filipina Melakukan Kerjasama Pertahanan dan Keamanan dengan Amerika Serikat dalam Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (Edca) Tahun 2014

This research is the study of diplomacy and strategy analyzes about motivation Philippines conduct defense and security cooperation with the United States in the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) in 2014. This research used qualitative methods which is done by explaining the case based on existing facts. The techniques used to collects data to study the case to library research in the form of journals, books, report and website. The theoretical framework applied in this research are neorealism perspective, national interest concept from Hans J. Morgenthau, nation-state analysis level and decision making theory from Richard C. Snyder. This research is motivated Philippines conduct defense and security cooperation with the United States in the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) on 28th April 2014 because internal and external conditions of the Philippines confront of disputes South China Sea. The dispute dealing with one of the great strength in Asia namely Tiongkok. The Philippines considers Tiongkok military strength from year to year has increased and Tiongkok strengthening its military presence to occupy more islands the disputed Spratly Island in the Philippines. Forms of this cooperation is the Philippines offered military bases to the United States, joint military exercises, maritime patrol by the United States and modernizing the armed forces of the Philippines.Keywords: Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), Philippines, United States

Pandangan mazhab syafi'i terhadap ketidakmampuan ahli waris membayar hutang pewaris karena melebihi harta warisan

IKHTISAR Hutang adalah sesuatu yang menjadi tanggungan baik berupa pinjaman, harga jual, upah, mahar, ganti dalam khulu’ dan sebagainya. Maka setiap sesuatu yang menjadi tanggungan disebut hutang. Dalam hukum Islam, pembayaran terhadap hutang pewaris adalah kewajiban yang mesti dilakukan oleh setiap ahli waris karena hutang merupakan urusan manusia terhadap manusia ataupun terhadap tuhan. Imam Syafi’i berkata: “maka sebutkanlah dalil pada ahli waris tidak mewaris semua harta”, Imam Syafi’i berkata: “tidak mewarisi seorangpun dari ahli waris dari harta warisan hingga hutang si mait (pewaris) itu adalah hutang si mait (pewaris) yang di wariskan. Dalam permasalahan membayar hutang pewaris, berdasarkan pantauan penulis terdapat kesenjangan yang terjadi pada masyarakat desa Huta Baringin, kesenjangan itu terdapat pada masyarakat atau ahli waris yang tidak mampu membayar hutang pewaris. Padahal membayar hutang pewaris adalah tanggungjawab ahli waris hingga hutang tersebut lunas. Adapun tujuan penulis meneliti kasus ini untuk, untuk mengetahui pandangan mazhab Syafi’i terhadap ketidakmampuan ahli waris membayar hutang pewaris karena melebihi dari harta warisan. Kemudian untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab masyarakat tidak mampu membayar hutang si mayyit, dan untuk mengetahui yang seharusnya dilakukan ahli waris apabila pewaris meninggalkan hutang melebihi dari harta warisan. Sedangkan hasil penelitian penulis adalah menurut Mazhab Syafi’i terhadap ketidakmampuan Ahli Waris Membayar Hutang si mayit Karena melebihi harta warisan hutang orang yang meninggal haruslah di bayar oleh ahli warisnya hingga lunas dari harta yang ditinggalkan pewaris, sedangkan Faktor Ahli waris tidak membayar Hutang si mayit salah satunya ahli waris tidak sanggup untuk membayar hutang si mayit itu karena ekonomi mereka pun sangat rendah, dan Solusi Ahli waris ketika ahli waris tidak sanggup mereka membayar hutang si mayit karena melebihi dari harta yang di tinggalkan si mayit, maka mereka membayar hutang si mayit itu dengan sedaya mampu mereka dan sisanya mereka meminta maaf kepada si pemberi pinjaman terhadap si mayit

Rights-based Approach to Development: Lessons from the Right to Food Movement in India

In April 2001 the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) approached the Supreme Court of India arguing that the government has a duty to provide greater relief in the context of mass hunger. The litigation has now become the best known precedent on the right to food internationally. This paper reviews the litigation with a view to understand various strategies used by the litigants to create and enforce far-reaching entitlements in a near legal vacuum on the right to food. This is followed by a discussion on the lessons from this case for a rights-based approach to development at large.right to food, development, public interest litigation, food policy, law

The Regional Head Election Model Based on the 1945 Constitution in the Context of Regional Autonomy

Article 18 of the Constitution of 1945, is not set explicitly on the model either local elections before the change and after the change, giving rise to multiple interpretations. Legislature to interpret the model in accordance with the local elections of political will at the time. Prior to the 1945 changes in the regulation of local government such as the Act No. 5 of 1974, No. 22 of 1999, and after the 1945 changes governed by Act No. 32 of 2004 on regional governance. Setting the local elections in the legislation are inconsistencies between laws that regulate each other electoral models vary. The inconsistency of these legal norms have implications for the implementation of regional autonomy within the system of the Republic of Indonesia. Under the decentralized form an autonomous region, the system is essentially delegated to the local government administration (the law) is given the right to administer their own affairs of the household. The goal is for people to participate in democratic governance, inorder to realize social justice welfare in the area

Madzhab Fiqh dan Kedaulatan Ummat (Memahami Ikhtilâf dalam Bingkai Syarî’ah)

Tulisan ini berupaya memotret perbedaan pendapat (ikhtilâf) yang sarat dengan pertentangan (khilâf) dan mendudukkan keduanya dalam porsi dan proporsi yang sebenarnya, selaras dengan nafas Syarî’ah Islâm yang memandang ikhtilâf sebagai sebuah keniscayaan sejarah dan kebutuhan mendasar bagi dinamika internal sebuah ajaran yang penuh “rahmat” dan “fitrah”. Ijtihâd fuqahâ’ yang mengejawantah dalam aliran-aliran dan madzhab-madzhab fiqh, adalah tuntutan zaman yang dikukuhkan kewajibannya oleh Islâm sebagai sebuah produk persemaian ‘aqlî dan naqlî demi kemaslahatan ummat Islâm sepanjang masa.

Final Goal in Advaita Vethanda is a Philosophical Research

Religion has secured a significant place in world traditional Civilization. Influence of religion has been well synthesized in art, Literature, Ethics and philosophy. Generally speaking religion always discusses three important entities such as, Human life, World and God. Faith in God, Philosophical thoughts and moral principles are the core topics in religion. In this respect it could be said that religion is being played a pivotal role since from birth up to death of human beings. In this respect, Advaita Vedanta as one of the Hindu Philosophies has been discussed about the Final Goal of Human Life and this paper aim at discussing the said concept. Though there are distinct philosophical schools in Hinduism, considerable number of Scholars have been paid there attention on Advaita Vedanta and thus this topic is apt for discussion. This paper further discuss the basic entities which Advaita Vedanta firmly believed as final Goal of human Life and the ways and means to achieve that status. Since there are several origin texts and interpretations available about Advaita Vedanta this study also mainly based on those resources and historical analysis is also being performed in this paper. Advaita Vedanta accepts the principles of Karma and re-birth and emphasize that birth occurs due to karma and this process is endless and miserable. Thus, the final goal of human being is to detach from birth and thereby to get rid from suffering. As has been already stated the main aim of this paper is to identify the final goal of Advaita Vedanta and then to illustrate them clearly