The flight dynamics of the olive fruit fly Batrocera (Cacus) oleae Rossi in Dubrovacko-neretvanska county

Maslinova muha Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae Rossi najopasniji je gospodarski štetnik masline. Njena rasprostranjenost i brojnost u maslinicima izravno utječu na kvalitetu i trženje maslinovog ulja. U godinama s visokom populacijom maslinine muhe berba mora započeti ranije, što znatno smanjuje randman ulja. Na području Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije posljednjih se godina intenzivno prati dinamika leta maslinove muhe. Let se prati mirisno-hranidbenim lovkama, tipa McPhail i žutim pločama tipa CTP 3 uz dodatak feromona, amonijskih soli i hidroliziranih bjelančevina. Rezultati praćenja pokazuju usku povezanost leta maslinove muhe s visinom dnevnih temperatura i relativnom vlagom zraka. Praćenjem dinamike leta utvrđena su «žarišta» maslinove muhe te veća rasprostranjenost u zonama samoniklih formi divlje maslineThe olive fruit fly Bactrocera (Cacus) oleae Rossi is the most common economically important pest in olive orchards. The number and spread of the fly in orchards are also of great importance for quality and marketing of olive oil. In seasons with high populations of the olive fruit fly the picking and processing should start earlier which decreases the quantity of oil. In Dubrovacko-neretvanska County the olive fruit fly dynamics was followed. McPhail traps were used and yellow sticky traps CTP 3 with feromon, amonium and carbohydrates. The results show that the flight of the olive fruit fly is highly dependent of temperature and relative humidity. Following the flight dynamics the centres with high density of the olive fruit fly were detected in zones with lots of wild olive trees

The attractants of the Tephritidae (diptera) family

Atraktanti su osnova strategije svih trenutnih programa detekcije, monitoringa i suzbijanja štetnih vrsta porodice Tephritidae. Mogu biti prirodnog ili sintetičkog porijekla, načinjeni od individualne komponente ili cijelog kompleksa. Najčešće se koristi klasifikacija na biljne kairomone, hranidbene atraktante, seksualne feromone i paraferomone, kao mirisne semiokemikalije, uz vizualne mamce različitih boja, oblika i refleksije, kao sredstva fizikalnog načina privlačenja vrsta Tephritidae-a. Svi zajedno objedinjuju nivo poznavanja ponašanja i reagiranja odraslih jedinki Tephritidae-a na ponuđene im stimulanse, s ciljem razvoja i unaprjeđenja programa suzbijanja.Attractants are the basis of all current harmful tephritids detection, monitoring and suppresion programs. They can be natural or synthetic by origin and range in composition from individual compounds to complex multi-component odors. Commonly used classification is to plant cairomones, food odors, sex pheromones, parapheromones as olfactory semiochemicals and visual attractants of different colors, shapes and rephlexy, as means of physical tephritids attraction. Together they all incorporate level of the knowledge of behavior and response of adult tephritids to offered stimulants, with the aim of developing suppresion programs

Development of necrophagus species of insects and their use in forensics

Ovo je prvo istraživanje iz forenzične entomologije u Hrvatskoj. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi koje će vrste muha i kornjaša položiti jajašca na mrtvo tijelo odojka i definirati njihov životni ciklus kroz vrijeme. Terensko istraživanje je provedeno na području Žitnjaka u gradu Zagrebu, u trajanju od 30 dana. U navedenom razdoblju praćena je sukcesija kukaca na tijelu, te su bilježeni podaci o temperaturi i relativnoj vlažnosti zraka. Od četiri vrste kukaca koje su tijekom eksperimenta zabilježene na tijelu, samo su dvije vrste položile jajašca na tijelo. To su dvije vrste muha Lucilla sericata L. i Sarcophaga carnaria L. Druge dvije vrste su pčela Vespula germanica F. i kornjaš Necrophorus vespillo L. Od dviju muha samo je za vrstu L. sericata potvrđeno da je završila svoj životni ciklus, čemu su dokaz tek izvaljene jedinke. Usporedbom vremenskog trajanja životnog ciklusa L. sericata u laboratoriju i trajanja ciklusa iste vrste za vrijeme izvođenja eksperimenta, potvrđena je činjenica da viša temperatura pri kojoj se ličinke razvijaju rezultira kraćim životnim ciklusom.This is the first research in forensic entomology in Croatia. The goal was to estimate which species of flies and beetles will invade the body of a dead sucking pig. Insects’ life cycles were determined through time. Field research was conducted in the area of Ţitnjak in city of Zagreb and lasted for 30 days. During 30 days succession of insects was monitored. Temperature and relative humidity data were recorded. Comparison of life cycle length in controled conditions and conditions on the field was made. Four species of insects were estimated, two species of flies (Lucilla sericata L. and Sarcophaga carnaria L.), german bee (Vespula germanica L.) and silphid beetle (Necrophorus vespillo L.). Both fly species laid eggs on tested body, but complete life cycle was confirmed only for L. sericata. It was confirmed that a higher temperature shortens life cycle duration

Influence of precursor heating on viscous flow around a Jovian entry body

The influence of changes in precursor region flow properties (resulting from the absorption of radiation from the shock layer) on the entire shock layer flow phenomena was investigated. The axially symmetric case is considered for both the preheating zone (precursor region) and shock layer. The flow in the shock layer is assumed to be viscous with chemical equilibrium but radiative nonequilibrium. Realistic thermophysical and spectral models are employed, and results are obtained by implicit finite difference and iterative procedures. The results indicate that precursor heating increases the radiative heating of the body by a maximum of 7.5 percent for 116 km entry conditions

Štetnici na siru

U skladištima i podrumima za zrenje sira često se pojavljuju štetnici. Oni napadaju sir i katkada uzrokuju mnogo štete. Nedovoljna njega sira obično je jedan od glavnih razloga, zašto se zadržavaju štetnici na tim mjestima

Determination of Selection Index of Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Yield Traits Using Regression Methods

The increasing chocolate consumption has not been followed by growing production of dry cocoa beans. In order to support the increase in cocoa production, planting materials with high yield are needed. The objective of this research was to determine the components of cocoa traits affecting weight of dry cocoa beans, and set a selection index for superior cocoa trees. The experiment material were four cocoa hybrid populations of which their family ancestry were unknown, and were planted on Samigaluh Plantation, Yogyakarta, and Segayung Plantation, Central Java. Observations and data collection were conducted on four plant populations. The observations were undertaken for three years, by observing plant traits, including pod length, pod diameter, husk thickness, cavity diameter, pod fresh weight, cocoa bean/pod fresh weight, husk fresh weight, dry weight of cocoa beans/pod, number of cocoa beans/pod, dry weight per cocoa bean. The collected data were analyzed using path and regression analysis methods. The results showed that pod diameter (X4), fresh pod weight (X5), number of cocoa beans/pod (X8), and dry weight/cocoa bean (X9) were used to form a selection index resulting the equation I = 0.0792 X4 + 0.1330 X5 + 0.0106 X8 + 0.1349 X9 furthermore will be used in the selection of cocoa trees. Ten cocoa plants from seeds having the highest general selection index were D 034, D 003, D 015, A 054, D 004, D 033, D 041, A 157, D 036, and D 025 will be selected for further evaluation

The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzania children:a community-based study

Objective was to document the prevalence, age-distribution, and risk factors for anaemia in Tanzanian children less than 5 years old,thereby assisting in the development of effective strategies for controlling anaemia.\ud \ud Cluster sampling was used to identify 2417 households at random from four contiguous districts in south-eastern\ud United Republic of Tanzania in mid-1999. Data on various social and medical parameters were collected and analysed.\ud \ud Blood haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) were available for 1979 of the 2131 (93%) children identified and ranged from 1.7 to 18.6 g/dl. Overall, 87% (1722) of children had an Hb <11 g/dl, 39% (775) had an Hb <8 g/dl and 3% (65) had an Hb <5 g/dl. The highest prevalence of anaemia of all three levels was in children aged 6–11 months, of whom 10% (22/226) had an Hb <5 g/dl. However, the prevalence of anaemia was already high in children aged 1–5 months (85% had an Hb <11 g/dl, 42% had an Hb <8 g/dl, and 6% had an Hb <5 g/dl). Anaemia was usually asymptomatic and when symptoms arose they were nonspecific and rarely identified as a serious illness by the care provider. A recent history of treatment with antimalarials and iron\ud was rare. Compliance with vaccinations delivered through the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) was 82% and was notassociated with risk of anaemia.\ud \ud Anaemia is extremely common in south-eastern United Republic of Tanzania, even in very young infants. Further implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness algorithm should improve the case management of anaemia. However, the asymptomatic nature of most episodes of anaemia highlights the need for preventive strategies. The EPI has good coverage of the target population and it may be an appropriate channel for delivering tools for controlling anaemia and malaria

Fauna vodenih muha plesačica (Diptera, Empididae: Hemerodromiinae i Clinocerinae) Nacionalnog parka Plitvička jezera

Adult aquatic dance flies were collected in the Plitvice Lakes National Park from 2005 to 2009 using various sampling methods. Sampling was done at 13 sampling sites representing four main types of karst aquatic habitats: spring, stream, tufa barriers and lakes. A total of 22 species were recorded belonging to 6 genera. Four species (Chelifera pyrenaica Vaillant, 1981; Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927; Clinocera wesmaeli (Macquart, 1835); Wiedemannia (Philolutra) aquilex (Loew, 1869)) are new to Croatian fauna. The highest species richness was recorded for the Bijela rijeka Spring. The cluster analysis showed that sites group together not just by similarity of community composition but as well in similarity of habitat types. Clustering of geographically nearby sites is also observed. This study represents an important contribution to the knowledge of dance flies fauna of Croatia and of various karstic habitats in general.Vodene muhe plesačice su sakupljane raznim metodama na području Nacionalnog parka Plitvička jezera u razdoblju od 2005. do 2009. godine. Uzorci su sakupljani na 13 lokacija na četiri osnovna tipa krških staništa: izvor, potok, sedrena barijera i jezero. Ukupno su zabilježene 22 vrste iz 6 rodova. Četiri vrste predstavljaju nove nalaze za faunu Hrvatske (Chelifera pyrenaica Vaillant, 1981; Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927; Clinocera wesmaeli (Macquart, 1835); Wiedemannia (Philolutra) aquilex (Loew, 1869)). Najveći broj vrsta zabilježen je na lokaciji Izvor Bijele rijeke. Klaster analizom je utvrđeno da se istraživane lokacije grupiraju po sličnosti sastava zajednice, ali i po sličnosti tipova staništa, također je utvrđeno grupiranje geografski bliskih lokacija. Ovo istraživanje pridonijet će boljem poznavanju faune vodenih muha plesačica Hrvatske, ali i različitih krških staništa općenito

A two year retrospective review of Laparoscopic versus open Appendicectomy in perforated appendix in Hospital Ipoh (June 2006-May 2008)

Appendicectomy is one of the most common general surgical procedures performed all over the world in the surgical department. Since its description by McBurney in 1894 the open approach has become the standard surgical intervention for appendicitis, remaining virtually unchanged for 100 years owing to its proven efficacy and safety. Laparoscopic appendicectomy on the other hand was first performed by Semm in 1983 (Litynski, G.S. 1999).But its popularity increased steadily throughout the 1990s. However, unlike cholecystectomy, the benefits of the laparoscopic approach have not been as apparent for appendicectomy, even more so in perforated appendicitis. Many early randomized trials failed to show any overall benefit for laparoscopy and others at best parity between the 2 procedures. Current studies however indicate a shift in favour of laparoscopy, probably due to the increase in laparoscopic exposure at all levels of surgical training. The aim of this study is to compare certain parameters between Laparoscopic appendicectomy with open appendicectomy. xii RESULTS: Two hundred and five patients with perforated appendicitis were reviewed. Fifty-six patients had laparoscopic appendicectomy and one hundred and forty nine patients had open appendicectomy. The median age in the laparoscopic group was 28 and the open group was 30. The difference in the median age groups was not statistically significant .The p value is 0.310. The mean (s.d) operating time for laparoscopic appendicectomy was 69 minutes (29 minutes).The mean operating time for the open group was 63 minutes (28 minutes). This study showed that there was no significant difference in the mean length of operating time between the two methods. The p value is 0.669. The mean (s.d.) length of hospital stay for the patients in the laparoscopic group was 3.5days (1.6 days). In the open group the mean length of hospital stay was 3.1 days (1.9 days). This was statistically not significant (p=0.382).There was also no statistical significance in the duration the patients took to tolerate orally and for the temperature to settle in both the groups. There were a total of six patients with the surgical site infection and seven who had readmission. Although all 6 patients with surgical site infection were from the open group and none in the laparoscopic group this was not statiscally significant. p = 1.000. Five patients in the laparoscopic group and two in the open group were readmitted within a week of their respective surgeries for ileus. This difference was also not statistically significant with a p value of 1.000.The mean (s.d.) amount of analgesia used in laparoscopic appendicectomy was 387.5mg (259.4mg) . The mean (s.d.) for the use of analgesia in the open group was 274.5mg (204.3mg) for the open group. This was statistically significant where p = 0.006. CONCLUSION: There is no clinically significant difference between laparoscopic appendicectomy and open appendicectomy for perforated appendicitis

Pregled tujerodnih dvokrilcev v Sloveniji

The nonindigenous Diptera occurring in Slovenia are overviewed based on literature data. In total, 18 species belonging to eight Diptera families are alien to Slovenia. Most of the species originate from North America and continental Asia. The first record of an alien Diptera species (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae)) was made in 1959, but the bulk of the species were recorded for the first time in the last two decennia. Most of the species were found in the pre-Alpine and sub-Mediterranean regions. The distribution and abundance of the alien Diptera are not fully known, as in most cases only the first observations were published. Most of the species are phytophagous and are known pests in agriculture and forestry. A list of expected nonindigenous Diptera species for Slovenia is given. It is suggested that a monitoring system should be developed in order to understand the population dynamics and the impact of the alien species on the ecosystem and economy.Na podlagi podatkov iz literature je pripravljen pregled dvokrilcev (Diptera), ki v Sloveniji niso domorodni. Skupno je v Sloveniji 18 tujih vrst, pripadajočih osmim družinam. Večina vrst izvira iz Severne Amerike in celinske Azije. Prvi podatek za tujo vrsto reda Diptera (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae)) je iz leta 1959, toda večina vrst je bila prvič zabeležena v zadnjih dveh desetletjih. Največ vrst je bilo najdenih v predalpskem in submediteranskem območju. Razširjenost in pogostnost tujih dvokrilcev nista dobro znana, saj so bila v večini primerov objavljena le prva opazovanja. Večina vrst je rastlinojedih in so znani škodljivci v poljedelstvu in gozdarstvu. Predstavljen je seznam tujerodnih dvokrilcev, ki jih pričakujemo v Sloveniji. Priporočamo razvoj organiziranega spremljanja, da bi razumeli populacijsko dinamiko ter vpliv tujih vrst na ekosistem in ekonomijo