334 research outputs found
2023- The Twenty-seventh Annual Symposium of Student Scholars
The full program book from the Twenty-seventh Annual Symposium of Student Scholars, held on April 18-21, 2023. Includes abstracts from the presentations and posters.https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/sssprograms/1027/thumbnail.jp
Indoor Positioning and Navigation
In recent years, rapid development in robotics, mobile, and communication technologies has encouraged many studies in the field of localization and navigation in indoor environments. An accurate localization system that can operate in an indoor environment has considerable practical value, because it can be built into autonomous mobile systems or a personal navigation system on a smartphone for guiding people through airports, shopping malls, museums and other public institutions, etc. Such a system would be particularly useful for blind people. Modern smartphones are equipped with numerous sensors (such as inertial sensors, cameras, and barometers) and communication modules (such as WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, LTE/5G, and UWB capabilities), which enable the implementation of various localization algorithms, namely, visual localization, inertial navigation system, and radio localization. For the mapping of indoor environments and localization of autonomous mobile sysems, LIDAR sensors are also frequently used in addition to smartphone sensors. Visual localization and inertial navigation systems are sensitive to external disturbances; therefore, sensor fusion approaches can be used for the implementation of robust localization algorithms. These have to be optimized in order to be computationally efficient, which is essential for real-time processing and low energy consumption on a smartphone or robot
System Architectures for Cooperative Teams of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Interacting Physically with the Environment
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become quite a useful tool for a wide range of
applications, from inspection & maintenance to search & rescue, among others. The
capabilities of a single UAV can be extended or complemented by the deployment
of more UAVs, so multi-UAV cooperative teams are becoming a trend. In that case,
as di erent autopilots, heterogeneous platforms, and application-dependent software
components have to be integrated, multi-UAV system architectures that are fexible
and can adapt to the team's needs are required.
In this thesis, we develop system architectures for cooperative teams of UAVs,
paying special attention to applications that require physical interaction with the
environment, which is typically unstructured. First, we implement some layers to
abstract the high-level components from the hardware speci cs. Then we propose
increasingly advanced architectures, from a single-UAV hierarchical navigation architecture
to an architecture for a cooperative team of heterogeneous UAVs. All
this work has been thoroughly tested in both simulation and eld experiments in
di erent challenging scenarios through research projects and robotics competitions.
Most of the applications required physical interaction with the environment, mainly
in unstructured outdoors scenarios. All the know-how and lessons learned throughout
the process are shared in this thesis, and all relevant code is publicly available.Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAVs, del inglés Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) se han
convertido en herramientas muy valiosas para un amplio espectro de aplicaciones, como
inspección y mantenimiento, u operaciones de rescate, entre otras. Las capacidades de un
único UAV pueden verse extendidas o complementadas al utilizar varios de estos vehículos
simultáneamente, por lo que la tendencia actual es el uso de equipos cooperativos con
múltiples UAVs. Para ello, es fundamental la integración de diferentes autopilotos,
plataformas heterogéneas, y componentes software -que dependen de la aplicación-, por lo
que se requieren arquitecturas multi-UAV que sean flexibles y adaptables a las necesidades
del equipo.
En esta tesis, se desarrollan arquitecturas para equipos cooperativos de UAVs, prestando
una especial atención a aplicaciones que requieran de interacción física con el entorno,
cuya naturaleza es típicamente no estructurada. Primero se proponen capas para abstraer a
los componentes de alto nivel de las particularidades del hardware. Luego se desarrollan
arquitecturas cada vez más avanzadas, desde una arquitectura de navegación para un
único UAV, hasta una para un equipo cooperativo de UAVs heterogéneos. Todo el trabajo ha
sido minuciosamente probado, tanto en simulación como en experimentos reales, en
diferentes y complejos escenarios motivados por proyectos de investigación y
competiciones de robótica. En la mayoría de las aplicaciones se requería de interacción
física con el entorno, que es normalmente un escenario en exteriores no estructurado. A lo
largo de la tesis, se comparten todo el conocimiento adquirido y las lecciones aprendidas en
el proceso, y el código relevante está publicado como open-source
Remote Sensing of Biophysical Parameters
Vegetation plays an essential role in the study of the environment through plant respiration and photosynthesis. Therefore, the assessment of the current vegetation status is critical to modeling terrestrial ecosystems and energy cycles. Canopy structure (LAI, fCover, plant height, biomass, leaf angle distribution) and biochemical parameters (leaf pigmentation and water content) have been employed to assess vegetation status and its dynamics at scales ranging from kilometric to decametric spatial resolutions thanks to methods based on remote sensing (RS) data.Optical RS retrieval methods are based on the radiative transfer processes of sunlight in vegetation, determining the amount of radiation that is measured by passive sensors in the visible and infrared channels. The increased availability of active RS (radar and LiDAR) data has fostered their use in many applications for the analysis of land surface properties and processes, thanks to their insensitivity to weather conditions and the ability to exploit rich structural and texture information. Optical and radar data fusion and multi-sensor integration approaches are pressing topics, which could fully exploit the information conveyed by both the optical and microwave parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.This Special Issue reprint reviews the state of the art in biophysical parameters retrieval and its usage in a wide variety of applications (e.g., ecology, carbon cycle, agriculture, forestry and food security)
Optical Microresonator-Based Flow-Speed Sensor
Optical sensors have become more prominent in atmospheric measurement systems, with LiDAR instruments deployed on a variety of earth-bound, air-borne, and space-based platforms. In recent years, the interest in the human exploration of Mars has created a substantial push towards reliable and compact sensing elements for Mars exploration missions, particularly during a spacecraft’s entry, descent, and landing stages. Real-time sensors able to reliably measure the craft’s speed relative to the surrounding atmosphere during these stages are thus of great interest. In this dissertation, a proof-of-concept for an optical microfabricated sensor, which leverages the whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) and Doppler shift principles, is developed to measure wind speed from atmospheric particles through light scattering. WGM micro-resonators could replace Fabry–Perot interferometers and other optical frequency discriminators often employed in remote sensing applications, thereby significantly reducing the size and weight of the measurement system. The capabilities of the presented sensor concept are first studied under the aerosol scattering regime, and the measurement resolution of the WGM resonators is assessed. An optical system is developed, and velocity measurements near the exit of a seeded air jet nozzle are carried out to validate the velocity measurement capabilities from aerosol streams.
The feasibility of employing WGM resonators for molecular scattering-based measurements of atmospheric properties is also investigated. A modified mathematical model for coherent and spontaneous scattering is implemented in the performance analyses of the resonators for different altitudes of Earth and Mars atmospheres. Spectral profiles generated from the model are compared to those in the literature under similar conditions. An analysis for photon count under various atmospheric conditions and altitudes is also carried out. The analyses indicate that WGM resonator-based spectral instruments may be viable as part of future compact and lightweight atmospheric sensors
Using remote sensing and geographical information systems to classify local landforms using a pattern recognition approach for improved soil mapping
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Presently, a major focus of digital soil mapping (DSM) in South Africa is unlocking the soil-landscape
relationships of legacy soil data by disaggregating the only source of contiguous soil information for South
Africa, the National Land Type Survey (LTS) (ARC, 2003). Each land type is best defined as a homogenous
mapping unit with a unique combination of terrain type, soil pattern and macroclimate properties (Paterson et
al., 2015). One of the prevailing reasons for the LTS longevity and continual temporal-interoperability is that
terrain description is expressly related to a suite of catenary soil property descriptions (Milne, 1936). These
terrain types are further divided into terrain morphological units (TMUs) representing a sequence of patterns
based on a 5-unit landscape model of 1-crest, 2-scarp, 3-midslope, 4-footslope and 5-valley bottom.
Importantly, dominant soil distribution patterns are defined by terrain units relying on an elementary terrain
topo-sequence pattern approach, with much of the work done on modelling soil variation related to variation
in terrain (van Zijl, 2019). Whilst the LTS remains a source of national interest, there is immense opportunity
to build on the existing soil inventory data rather than only focus on “breaking it down” (disaggregation).
However, what is needed is a standard operating procedure that not only leverages the ability of digital
elevation models (DEM) to explicate soil-landscape associations beyond the limited 5-unit landscape model
but allows better refinement of soil descriptions with landscape features. Only once the nuances of optimal
DEM parametrisation under controlled conditions are fully understood can the complete scope of DSM and
digital geomorphological mapping (DGM) applications be explored.
This dissertation attempts to synthesise knowledge on theory, methods, and applications of using remote
sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) to classify local landforms using a pattern
recognition approach for improved soil mapping in the context of multiscale problems of digital terrain analysis
in KwaZulu-Natal. The dissertation is divided into three parts. Part one (Chapter 2) represents the DEM pre-
processing and generalisation method and establishes the protocols for soil-landscape covariate application
derived from various sensor platforms and spatial scales. Part two (Chapter 3) introduces the concept of
improved terrain unit mapping through the geomorphon approach and describes DEM optimisation for
standardised geomorphon representation for uniformly describing soil-landscape properties for inputs to DSM
applications. Finally, part three (Chapters 4 & 5) looks at applications of DEM sources and geomorphons first
from a holistic landscape context by linking digital terrain and soil-landscape analysis to geodiversity. Finally,
the benefit of improved RS and GIS combined with quantitative modelling approaches on improving natural
resource predictions are explored by modelling soil-ecotope and soil type mapping units and proposing
improvements to an existing DSS designed for KwaZulu-Natal Natal. Specifically, this research is organised
into four (4) research chapters with an overview of each chapter’s contribution outlined hereafter.
Chapter 2 accounts for the recognition and requirements of DEM generalisation from high to medium
resolution RS platforms and the influence these pre-processing approaches have on the extraction of a wide
range of terrain attributes. Digital elevation data are elemental in deriving primary topographic attributes that
are input variables to various regional soil-landscape models. DEMs' utility to extract different topographic
indices as primary inputs to DSM allows the generalised soil-formative relationship between topography and
soil characteristics to be measured quantitatively. Traditional landscape-scale approaches to extracting and
analysing soils remain subjective and an expensive last resort for large-scale regional soil distribution and
variability prediction. Selecting the right DEMs is a critical step in the development of any soil-landscape
model. Therefore, the ability to represent soil-landscape relationships rapidly and objectively between soil
properties and landscape position using emerging technologies and elevation data in a digital environment and
at varying scales is fundamental for using soil-landscape mapping as a regional planning tool. There is,
however, still varied consensus on the effect of DEM source and resolution on the application of these
topographic attributes to landscape and geomorphic characterisation within South Africa. However, Atkinson
et al. (2017) have shown that topographic variable extraction is highly dependent on the DEM source and
generalisation approach. However, while higher resolution DEMs may represent the “true” landscape surface
more accurately, they do not necessarily offer the best results for all extracted terrain variables for modelling
soil-landscape outputs. Given the convenience of a wide range of open-source elevation data for South Africa,
there is a need to quantify the impact that DEM generalisation approaches have on simplifying detailed DEMs
and compare the accuracy and reliability of results between high resolution and coarse resolution data on the
extraction of localised topographic variables as a primer for soil-landscape or digital soil models.
Chapter 3 explores the harmonisation of geomorphons derived from various RS platforms to define the
landscape character in central KwaZulu-Natal. Robust DGM approaches that can simplify and translate the
inclusion of “human knowledge” to automatic terrain classification across a broader spectrum of terrain
morphological units and a range of DEM spatial scales offer great potential for improved topographic and
landscape analysis and must have their utility investigated. Continual advances in quantitative modelling of
surface processes, combined with new spatio-temporal and geo-computational algorithms, have revolutionised
the auto-classification and mapping of landform components through the automated analysis of high-quality
DEMs. Therefore, a thorough assessment of the effects that different pixel resolution (grain size) and DEM
sources have on replicating observed geomorphic spatial patterns and representing selected terrain parameters
using advanced automated geomorphometric mapping approaches is necessary. Specifically, it would be
valuable to interrogate the self-adapting ability of these automated mapping approaches under regional
conditions to quantitatively analyse how the choice of terrain model and scale influences the extraction,
generalisation, and representation of digitally derived terrain attributes such as slope gradient, elevation and
terrain unit feature extent. Equally important is understanding how the variation in resulting terrain unit
representation is limited by spatial resolution discontinuities that ultimately influence the extraction and
representation of elementary soil properties.
Chapter 4 is a shift from the technical aspects of digital terrain preprocessing and modelling and instead
attempts to explore the contribution of gridded soil-landscape products to the abiotic landscape development
agenda. It would be worthwhile to contextualise and decode these technical aspects of terrain and soil analyses
to a holistic landscape development agenda. It is argued that current global environmental problems and
questions demand exploration into new scientific perspectives and improved related paradigms and
methodologies. Geodiversity (abiotic complexity) has not received the same level of attention as biodiversity
(biotic complexity) despite its intrinsic and indivisible linkages to ecosystem and landscape richness
characterisation. The ability to better describe the substrate in which biological and human activities occur is
of top standing and must have its potential explored. To date, only one landmark study has successfully
investigated the influence of environmental factors on geodiversity mapping in South Africa (Kori et al., 2019).
Using an array of multimodal environmental covariates, including hydrographic, lithostratigraphic,
pedological, climatic, topographic, solar morphometric and geomorphic variables, I aim to provide further
confirmation to regional and international geodiversity research agendas.
Chapter 5 culminates in applying quantitative DSM methods, with improved terrain representation, to classify
productive soil units (ecotopes) as a proposed methodology to improve the current Bioresource Report Writer
(BRW) soil-landscape recommendations. In KwaZulu-Natal, it has been accepted that detailed natural resource
information based on scientifically accurate and relevant criteria is required to develop spatial layers that
planners, developers, local government, and other stakeholders can use to guide future development. At
present, the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (KZNDARD) can provide
high-level crop production approximations for various crops based on BioResource Units (BRU). However,
the BRW has not seen a significant revision for over two decades. Still, the natural resource information it
contains provides land managers, policymakers and farmers with invaluable access to regional and farm level
qualitative estimations of agricultural productivity. There is a need to preserve this information while
simultaneously providing modern measures of land management recommendation at multiple scales to the
end-user. Against this backdrop, access to readily interpretable soil and crop information is increasingly being
prioritised by provincial planning commissions as critical inputs to DSS for sustainable land management
within KwaZulu-Natal.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tans ontsluit 'n groot fokus van digitale grond kartering (DSM) in Suid-Afrika die grond landskap verhoudings
van nalatenskap grond data deur die enigste bron van aaneenlopende grond inligting vir Suid-Afrika, die
Nasionale Grondtipe-opname (ARC, 2003) te distreun. Elke land tipe word die beste gedefinieer as 'n
homogene karterings eenheid met 'n unieke kombinasie van terrein tipe, grondpatroon en makro klimaat
eienskappe (Paterson et al. , 2015) . Een van die heersende redes vir die LTS-langlewendheid en voortdurende
temporale interoperabiliteit is dat terrein beskrywing uitdruklik verband hou met 'n reeks katalise
grondeiendom beskrywings (Milne, 1936). Hierdie terrein tipes word verder verdeel in terrein morfologiese
eenhede (TMUs) wat 'n reeks patrone verteenwoordig wat gebaseer is op 'n 5-eenheid landskap model van 1-
kuif, 2-serp, 3-midslope, 4-voet en 5-vallei bodem. Belangrik, dominante grond verspreidings patrone word
gedefinieer deur terrein eenhede wat staatmaak op 'n elementêre terrein topo-volgorde patroon benadering,
met baie van die werk gedoen op modellering grond variasie wat verband hou met variasie in terrein (van Zijl,
2019). Terwyl die LTS bly 'n bron van nasionale belang; daar is enorme geleentheid om voort te bou op die
bestaande grond voorraad data eerder as om net te fokus op "afbreek" (disaggregasie). Wat egter nodig is, is
'n standaard bedryfsprosedure wat nie net die vermoë van digitale hoogte modelle(DEM) gebruik om grond
landskap verenigings buite die beperkte 5-eenheid landskap model te vererger nie, maar beter verfyning van
grond beskrywings met landskap kenmerke moontlik te maak. Slegs sodra die nuanses van optimale DEM
parametrisasie onder beheerde toestande ten volle verstaan word, kan die volledige omvang van DSM- en
digitale geomorfologiese kartering (DGM) aansoeke ondersoek word.
Hierdie verhandeling poog om-kennis oor teorie, metodes en toepassings van ute sintetiseer om afstand
waarneming (RS) en geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS) tesing om plaaslike land vorms te klassifiseer deur 'n
patroonherkenning benadering vir verbeterde grond kartering in die konteks van multiskaal probleme van
digitale terrein analise te klassifiseer. In KwaZulu-Natal. Die verhandeling word in drie dele verdeel. Deel
een (Hoofstuk 2) verteenwoordig die DEM-voor verwerker- en veralgemenings metode en vestig die
protokolle vir grondlandskap-kovariaat toediening afgelei van verskeie sensor platforms en ruimtelike skale.
Deel twee (Hoofstuk 3) stel die konsep van verbeterde terrein eenheid kartering deur die geomorfon benadering
bekend en beskryf DEM-optimalisering vir gestandaardiseerde geomorfon verteenwoordiging om grond
landskap eienskappe eenvormig te beskryf vir insette tot DSM-toepassings. Ten slotte, deel drie (Hoofstukke
4 & 5) kyk na toepassings van DEM bronne en geomorfon eerste vanuit 'n holistiese landskap konteks deur
die koppeling van digitale terrein en grond landskap analise aan geodiversiteit. Ten slotte word die voordeel
van verbeterde RS en GIS gekombineer met kwantitatiewe modellerings benaderings op die verbetering van
natuurlike hulpbron voorspellings ondersoek deur grond-ekopeïen- en grondtipe karterings eenhede te
modelleer en verbeterings voor te stel aan 'n bestaande DSS wat vir KwaZulu-Natal ontwerp is. Spesifiek, tsy
navorsing is organiseer in vier (4) navorsing hoofstukke met 'n oorsig van elke hoofstuk se bydrae wat hierna
uiteengesit word.
Hoofstuk 2 is verantwoordelik vir die erkenning en vereistes van DEM veralgemening van hoë tot medium
resolusie RS platforms en die invloed wat hierdie preprocessing benaderings het op die onttrekking van 'n wye
verskeidenheid van terrein eienskappe. Digitale hoogte data is elementêr in die afleiding van primêre
topografiese eienskappe wat inset veranderlikes aan verskeie plaaslike grond landskap modelle is. DEMs se
nut om verskillende topografiese indekse as primêre insette tot DSM te onttrek, laat die algemene grond
vormende verhouding tussen topografie en grondeienskappe kwantitatief gemeet word. Tradisionele landskap
skaal benaderings tot die onttrekking en ontleding van grond bly subjektief en 'n duur laaste uitweg vir
grootskaalse streeks grond verspreiding en veranderlikheid voorspelling. Die keuse van die regte DEMs is 'n
kritieke stap in die ontwikkeling van enige grond landskap model. Daarom is die vermoë om grond landskap
verhoudings vinnig en objektief tussen grondeienskappe en landskap posisie te verteenwoordig deur
opkomende tegnologieë en hoogte data in 'n digitale omgewing te gebruik en op verskillende skale
fundamenteel vir die gebruik van grond landskap kartering as 'n streeksbeplanning instrument. Daar is egter
steeds uiteenlopende konsensus oor die uitwerking van DEM-bron en resolusie oor die toepassing van hierdie
topografiese eienskappe aan landskap- en geomorfiese karakterisering binne Suid-Afrika. Atkinson et al.
(2017) het egter getoon dat topografiese veranderlike onttrekking baie afhanklik is van die DEM-bron en
veralgemenings benadering. Alhoewel hoër resolusie-DEMs die "ware" landskap oppervlak meer akkuraat kan
verteenwoordig, bied hulle nie noodwendig die beste resultate vir alle onttrokke terrein veranderlikes vir die
modellering van grond landskap-uitsette nie. Gegewe die gerief van 'n wye verskeidenheid oopbron-hoogte
data vir Suid-Afrika, is dit 'n behoefte om die impak wat DEM-veralgemenings benaderings het op die
vereenvoudiging van gedetailleerde DEMs te kwantifiseer en die akkuraatheid en betroubaarheid van resultate
tussen hoë resolusie en growwe resolusie data te vergelyk oor die onttrekking van gelokaliseerde topografiese
veranderlikes as 'n primer vir grond landskap of digitale grond modelle.
Hoofstuk 3 ondersoek die harmonisering van geomorfon wat van verskeie RS-platforms afkomstig is om die
landskap karakter in Sentraal-KwaZulu-Natal te definieer. Robuuste DGM benaderings wat die insluiting van
"menslike kennis" kan vereenvoudig en vertaal na outomatiese terrein klassifikasie oor 'n breër spektrum van
terrein morfologiese eenhede en 'n verskeidenheid DEM ruimtelike skale bied groot potensiaal vir verbeterde
topografiese en landskap analise en moet hul nut ondersoek. Voortdurende vooruitgang in kwantitatiewe
modellering van oppervlak prosesse, gekombineer met nuwe spatio-temporale en geo-berekenings algoritmes,
het die ou toklassifikasie en kartering van land vorm komponente omwentel deur die outomatiese analise van
hoë gehalte DEMs. Daarom is 'n deeglike assessering van die effekte wat verskillende pixel resolusie (graan
grootte) en DEM-bronne het op die replisering van waargenome geomorfiese ruimtelike patrone en
verteenwoordig geselekteerde terrein parameters met behulp van gevorderde outomatiese geomorfon metriese
karterings benaderings nodig. Spesifiek, dit sal waardevol wees om die self-aanpassing vermoë van hierdie
outomatiese kartering benaderings onder streeks toestande te ondervra om kwantitatief te analiseer hoe die
keuse van terrein model en skaal die onttrekking, veralgemening en voorstelling van digitaal afgeleide terrein
kenmerke soos hellings gradiënt, hoogte- en terrein eenheid-funksie omvang beïnvloed. Ewe belangrik is om
te verstaan hoe die variasie in gevolglike terrein eenheid verteenwoordiging beperk word deur ruimtelike
resolusie-stakings wat uiteindelik die onttrekking en voorstelling van elementêre grondeienskappe beïnvloed
Hoofstuk 4 is 'n verskuiwing van die tegniese aspekte van digitale terrein voor verwerking en modellering en
poog eerder om die bydrae van geroosterde grond landskap produkte na die abiotiese landskap ontwikkelings
agenda te verken. Ek sou die moeite werd wees om hierdie tegniese aspekte van terrein- en grond ontledings
na 'n holistiese landskap ontwikkelings agenda te kontekstualiseer en te dekodeer. Daar word aangevoer dat
huidige globale omgewingsprobleme en vrae eksplorasie in nuwe wetenskaplike perspektiewe en verbeterde
verwante paradigmas en metodologieë vereis. Geodiversiteit (abiotiese kompleksiteit) het nie dieselfde vlak
van aandag as biodiversiteit (biotiese kompleksiteit) ontvang nie, ten spyte van sy intrinsieke en ondeelbare
verbande met ekosisteem- en landskap ryke karakterisering. Die vermoë om die substraat waarin biologiese
en menslike aktiwiteite voorkom, beter te beskryf, is van bostaande en moet sy potensiaal ondersoek. Tot op
hede het slegs een ander landmerk studie die invloed van omgewingsfaktore op geodiversiteits kartering in
Suid-Afrika (Kori et al. , 2019). Met behulp van 'n verskeidenheid multimodale omgewings kovariaat,
insluitend hidrografiese, lithostratigraphic, pedologiese, klimaat-, topografiese, son morfometriese en
geomorfiese veranderlikes, beoog ek om verdere bevestiging te gee aan streeks- en internasionale
geodiversiteits navorsing agendas.
Hoofstuk 5 kulmineer in die toepassing van kwantitatiewe DSM-metodes, met verbeterde terrein
verteenwoordiging, om produktiewe grondeenhede (ekotipes) te klassifiseer as 'n voorgestelde metodologie
om die huidige BRW-grondlandskap aanbevelings te verbeter. In KwaZulu-Natal is aanvaar dat gedetailleerde
natuurlike hulpbron inligting gebaseer op wetenskaplik akkurate en relevante kriteria nodig is om ruimtelike
lae te ontwikkel wat beplanners, ontwikkelaars, plaaslike regering en ander belanghebbendes kan gebruik om
toekomstige ontwikkeling te lei. Tans kan die KwaZulu-Natal Departement van Landbou en Landelike
Ontwikkeling (KZNDARD) hoëvlak-gewasproduksie-benaderings vir verskeie gewasse op grond van BRUs
verskaf. Die BRW het egter vir meer as twee dekades nie 'n beduidende hersiening gesien nie. Tog bied die
natuurlike hulpbron inligting wat dit bevat, grond bestuurders, beleidmakers en boere van onskatbare waarde
toegang tot streeks- en plaasvlak kwalitatiewe beramings van landbou produktiwiteit. Daar is 'n behoefte om
hierdie inligting te bewaar, terwyl dit terselfdertyd moderne maatreëls van grondbestuur aanbeveling op
verskeie skale aan die eindgebruiker verskaf. Teen hierdie agtergrond word toegang tot geredelik
interpreteerbare grond- en gewas inligting toenemend deur provinsiale beplanningskommissie geprioritiseer
as kritiese insette tot DSS vir volhoubare grondbestuur binne KwaZulu-Natal.Doctora
Earth Observation: Data, Processing and Applications. Volume 3A: Applications—Terrestrial Vegetation
Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing
Nowadays, advanced remote sensing technology plays tremendous roles to build a quantitative and comprehensive understanding of how the Earth system operates. The advanced remote sensing technology is also used widely to monitor and survey the natural disasters and man-made pollution. Besides, telecommunication is considered as precise advanced remote sensing technology tool. Indeed precise usages of remote sensing and telecommunication without a comprehensive understanding of mathematics and physics. This book has three parts (i) microwave remote sensing applications, (ii) nuclear, geophysics and telecommunication; and (iii) environment remote sensing investigations
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