Types of Minne in Hartmann von Aue's Erec and Iwein

The Arthurian Legends Erec and Iwein, adapted from material by Chrétien de Troyes by Hartmann von Aue discuss, among other things, the issue of minne, the Middle High German term for "love." In this study, I use close reading, language analysis, and the historical-critical method to investigate the various types of minne found in Erec and Iwein. Hartmann uses material from classical antiquity, the Aeneid in particular, as an allegory for the minne between Erec and his wife Enite and as a model for the character Vrou Minne, who appears in both works. I aim to demonstrate that Vrou Minne is modeled on the portrayals of goddesses from antiquity and that she becomes more of a developed figure in Iwein. I also demonstrate that in Erec, the minne is divided into three different types: anderre minne, kreftige minne, and guote minne. Anderre minne constitutes the minne Erec and Enite first experience for each other and is dominated completely by sexual pursuits. Kreftige minne is the sort of minne that men experience for Enite, which overwhelms their senses and leads to their ruin. The ideal type of love that Erec and Enite obtain at the end of the story is the balanced guote minne, which is an integral part of their lives as partners and rulers. Iwein discusses the theme of grôze minne between Iwein and his wife Laudine, which does not undergo the same development as depicted in Erec

Viscosity Solutions of Balanced Quasi-Monotone Fully Nonlinear Weakly Coupled Systems

We introduce so called balanced quasi-monotone systems. These are systems $F(x,r,p,X)=(F_1(x,r,p,X),\ldots,F_m(x,r,p,X))$, where $x$ belongs to a domain $\Omega$, $r=u(x)\in\mathbb{R}^m$, $p=Du(x)$ and $X=D^2u(x)$, that can be arranged into two categories that are mutually competitive but internally cooperative. More precisely, for all $i\neq j$ in the set $\{1,2,\ldots,m\}$, $F_j$ is monotone non-decreasing (non-increasing) in $r_i$ if and only if $F_i$ is monotone non-decreasing (non-increasing) in $r_j$ and $F_j$ is a monotone function in $r_i$. We prove the existence and uniqueness of viscosity solutions to systems of this type. For uniqueness we need to require that $F_j$ is monotone increasing in $r_j$, at an at least linear rate. This should be compared to the quasi-monotone systems studied by Ishii and Koike, where they assume that $F(x,r,p,X)\ge F(x,s,p,X)$ if $r\le s$.Comment: 10 page

Synthesis of 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Analogues Featuring a S-2-symmetric CD-ring Core

Three analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (calcitriol), featuring a transfused decalin C, D-core with local S-2-symmetry, and possessing identical side-chain and seco-B,A-ring structures, have been synthesized starting from readily available (4aR, 8aS)octahydronaphthalene-1,5-dione(7). The very short sequences involve the simultaneous introduction of the side-chain and seco-B, A-ring fragments via Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions. The analogues are devoid of relevant biological activity

Raising teacher supply: An assessment of three options for increasing wages

A shortage of teachers in primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands is expected in the near future as a large part of the current workforce will retire. Recently, the Dutch government has decided to increase wages of teachers. This paper qualitatively assesses the impact of three options for increasing teaching wages on teacher supply in the medium term: increasing wages at the start of the career, increasing wages at mid career or increasing wages at the end of the career.

Символьна складова семантичної структури лінгвокультурного концепту MINNE (на матеріалі лірики міннезангу XII – XIV століть)

У статті пропонується лінгвокультурологічний підхід до розгляду символьної складової семантичної структури концепту MINNE, що представлена і в межах лірики міннезангу архетипними, стереотипними та світоглядними символами, які позбавлені національно-культурного забарвлення та носять універсальний характер. Представлений симболарій втілює уявлення носіїв середньовічної германської лінгвокультури про почуття MINNE