15,873 research outputs found
Gender Disparities in Science? Dropout, Productivity, Collaborations and Success of Male and Female Computer Scientists
Scientific collaborations shape ideas as well as innovations and are both the
substrate for, and the outcome of, academic careers. Recent studies show that
gender inequality is still present in many scientific practices ranging from
hiring to peer-review processes and grant applications. In this work, we
investigate gender-specific differences in collaboration patterns of more than
one million computer scientists over the course of 47 years. We explore how
these patterns change over years and career ages and how they impact scientific
success. Our results highlight that successful male and female scientists
reveal the same collaboration patterns: compared to scientists in the same
career age, they tend to collaborate with more colleagues than other
scientists, seek innovations as brokers and establish longer-lasting and more
repetitive collaborations. However, women are on average less likely to adapt
the collaboration patterns that are related with success, more likely to embed
into ego networks devoid of structural holes, and they exhibit stronger gender
homophily as well as a consistently higher dropout rate than men in all career
ages
Choosing a legal framework for Spanish stock markets, 1800-1936
The paper analyses the legal transfer of formal rules regulating stock markets
in Spain between 1800 and 1936. We argue that the transfer of French
legislation in the 1830s provoked a “transplant effect”, which generated serious
distortions in Spanish financial markets. As a result, Spain developed a unique
system in which official French style stock markets coexisted with Anglo-Saxon
style free markets and small traditional markets, reminiscent of the ancien
regime. This unique schism of systems reflects the result of multiple natural
experiments whereby each region constituted its own stock market system.
Diverse economic scenarios and path-dependence processes determined
different institutional settings. We find that the unparalleled Spanish system
was the result of lacking central power, persistence of institutional inertia, and
the diversity of Spain´s geographical economy
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