Micrurus fulvius

Number of Pages: 4Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

Micrurus ruatanus

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Micruroides, M. euryxanthus

Number of Pages: 4Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Micrurus limbatus

Number of Pages: 3Integrative BiologyGeological Science

The herpetofauna of the cloud forests of Honduras

The cloud forest amphibians and reptiles constitute the most important herpetofaunal segment in Honduras, due to the prevalence of endemic and Nuclear Middle American-restricted species. This segment, however, is subject to severe environmental threats due to the actions of humans. Of the 334 species of amphibians and reptiles currently known from Honduras, 122 are known to be distributed in cloud forest habitats. Cloud forest habitats are found throughout the mountainous interior of Honduras. They are subject to a Highland Wet climate, which features annual precipitation of >1500 mm and a mean annual temperature of <18°C. Cloud forest vegetation falls into two Holdridge formations, the Lower Montane Wet Forest and Lower Montane Moist Forest. The Lower Montane Wet Forest formation generally occurs at elevations in excess of 1500 m, although it may occur as low as 1300+ m at some localities. The Lower Montane Moist Forest formation generally occurs at 1700+ m elevation. Of the 122 cloud forest species, 18 are salamanders, 38 are anurans, 27 are lizards, and 39 are snakes. Ninety-eight of these 122 species are distributed in the Lower Montane Wet Forest formation and 45 in the Lower Montane Moist Forest formation. Twenty species are distributed in both formations. The cloud forest species are distributed among restricted, widespread, and peripheral distributional categories. The restricted species range as a group in elevation from 1340 to 2700 m, the species that are widespread in at least one of the two cloud forest formations range as a group from sea level to 2744 m, and the peripheral species range as a group from sea level to 1980 m. The 122 cloud forest species exemplify ten broad distributional patterns ranging from species whose northern and southern range termini are in the United States (or Canada) and South America, respectively, to those species that are endemic to Honduras. The largest segment of the herpetofauna falls into the endemic category, with the next largest segment being restricted in distribution to Nuclear Middle America, but not endemic to Honduras. Cloud forest species are distributed among eight ecophysiographic areas, with the largest number being found in the Northwestern Highlands, followed by the North-Central Highlands and the Southwestern Highlands. The greatest significance of the Honduran herpetofauna lies in its 125 species that are either Honduran endemics or otherwise Nuclear Middle American-restricted species, of which 83 are distributed in the country’s cloud forests. This segment of the herpetofauna is seriously endangered as a consequence of exponentially increasing habitat destruction resulting from deforestation, even given the existence of several biotic reserves established in cloud forest. Other, less clearly evident environmental factors also appear to be implicated. As a consequence, slightly over half of these 83 species (50.6%) have populations that are in decline or that have disappeared from Honduran cloud forests. These species possess biological, conservational, and economic significance, all of which appear in danger of being lost.Los anfibios y reptiles de los bosques nublados constituyen el segmento más importante de la herpetofauna de Honduras, debido a la prevalencia de especies endémicas y restringidas a la Mesoamérica Nuclear. Este segmento, sin embargo, está sometido a fuertes amenazas medioambientales debido a acciones humanas. De las 334 especies de anfibios y reptiles que se conocen en Honduras en el presente, 122 se conocen que están distribuidas en las habitaciones de los bosques nublados. Las habitaciones del bosques nublados se encuentran a través de las montañas del interior de Honduras. Ellos están sujetos a un clima lluvioso de tierras altas, el cual tiene una precipitación anual de más de 1500 mm y una temperatura anual promedia de menos de 18 grados centígrados. La vegetación de los bosques nublados cae entre dos formaciones de Holdridge, la de Bosque Lluvioso Montano Bajo y la de Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo. La formación de Bosque Lluvioso Montano Bajo generalmente occure a elevaciones en exceso de 1500 m, aunque puede ocurrir tan bajo como 1300 m en algunas localidades. La formación Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo generalmente ocurre a 1700 m o más de elevación. De las 122 especies de los bosques nublados, 18 son salamandras, 38 son anuros, 27 son lagartijas y 39 son culebras. Noventa y ocho de estas 122 especies están distribuidas en la formación Bosque Lluvioso Montano Bajo y 45 en la formación Bosque Húmedo Montano Bajo. Viente especies están distribuidas en ambas formaciones. Las especies de los bosques nublados están distribuidas entre categorías distribucionales restringidas, amplias, y periféricas. Las especies restringidas se encuentra como grupo en un rango de elevaciones de los 1340 a los 2700 m, las especies que tienen una distribución amplia en al menos entre una de las dos formaciones de los bosques nublados como grupo tiene un rango desde el nivel del mar hasta 2744 m, y las especies periféricas como grupo tiene un rango desde el nivel del mar hasta 1980 m. Las 122 especies de los bosques nublados ejemplifican 10 patrones distribucionales amplios con rangos de especies para las cuales los rangos terminales norteño y sureño están en los Estados Unidos (o Canadá) y América del Sur, respectivamente, hasta esas especies que son endémicas de Honduras. El segmento más grande de la herpetofauna cae en la categoría endémica, con el proximo segmento más grande siendo restringido en distribución a la Mesoamérica Nuclear, pero no endémico de Honduras. Las especies de los bosques nublados están distribuidas entre ocho áreas ecofisiográficas, con el grupo más grande encontrandose en las tierras altas hacia el noroeste y seguido por las tierras altas norte-central y las tierras altas del suroeste. La importancia más grande de la herpetofauna hondureña cae en sus 125 especies que son endémicas de Honduras o de otra manera restringidas a la Mesoamérica Nuclear, de las cuales 83 están distribuidos en los bosques nublados del país. Este segmento de la herpetofauna está seriamente amenazado a consequencia de la destrucción exponencial de sus habitaciones, el cual es el resultado de la destrucción de los bosques, aunque existen varias reservas bióticas establecidas en los bosques nublados. Otros factores medioambientales menos claramente evidentes parecen estar implicados. Como consequencia, un poco más de la mitad de estas 83 especies (50.6%) tiene poblaciones que están disminuyendo o que han desaparecidos de los bosques nublados hondureños. Estas especies poseen significancia biológica, de conservación, y económica, todas las cuales parecen estar en peligro de ser perdidas

Procinura, P. aemula

Number of Pages: 4Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos dos acidentes por micrurus registrados no Centro de Informações Toxicológicas de Santa Catarina- CIT/SC.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Curso de Medicina. Departamento de Saúde Pública

Amphibians and Reptiles of United States Department of Defense Installations

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) occupies approximately 10.1 million ha of land within the U.S. spanning most ecosystems contained therein. To date, no comprehensive agency-wide inventory of amphibian and reptile species has been compiled. We developed an amphibian and reptile species inventory for 415 DoD installations/sites and evaluated species diversity. The amphibian and reptile species confirmed present on DoD sites represent 66% of the total native species documented in the continental U.S. Snakes are the most widespread group found on DoD lands. Of the military services, Army sites have the greatest number of confirmed species, federally listed, state-listed, and At-risk species. There are 24 federally listed (threatened or endangered), 55 state- listed, and 70 At-risk species confirmed present on DoD sites. Thirty non-native and native transplant amphibian and reptile species/subspecies are also confirmed present on DoD sites. Lastly, we verified that approximately half of the military sites evaluated in this study have at least one venomous snake species confirmed present. Our study results assist directly with ongoing management and conservation of amphibian and reptile species on DoD lands and confirm military lands comprise a significant contribution to biodiversity conservation

Pliocercus

Number of Pages: 9Integrative BiologyGeological Science

New Record of the Ambrosia Beetle, Treptoplatypus Micrurus Schedl. Attack on Sonokembang (Pterocarpus Indicus Willd.) in Batu, Indonesia

Sonokembang (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in Batu city, East Java. In 2012 and 2013, there were some dying trees of sonokembang along the road of Batu city, and there were some indications that the signs and symptoms might be related to the ambrosia beetle samples from Batu. To clarify the precise condition, identification of beetle samples was needed in this research. Based on survey and sample collections conducted in Batu from the early July 2013 to the end of March 2014, characteristic of damage on trees was observed together with the presence of beetle collected. Identification was based on morphological characters such as posterior elytral declivities and body size of male, and mycangia on female`s pronotum. Based on the morphological characters, there were some special characters which described such as 1) the body size of female adult was bigger than male adult, 2) elytral declivities on male adult was unique, and 3) there was mycangia on pronotum of female adults. Morphological char-acters showed that the ambrosia beetle attacked on sonokembang belonged to Treptoplatypus mi-crurus Schedl. This ambrosia beetle species seems to be the responsible agent that caused dying trees of sonokembang