Способы и алгоритмы псевдовероятностного шифрования с разделяемым ключом

As a method for providing security of the messages sent via a public channel in the case of potential coercive attacks there had been proposed algorithms and protocols of deniable encryption. The lasts are divided on the following types: 1) schemes with public key, 2) schemes with shares secret key, and 3) no-key schemes. There are introduced pseudo-probabilistic symmetric ciphers that represent a particular variant of implementing deniable encryption algorithms. It is discussed application of the pseudo-probabilistic encryption for constructing special mechanisms of the information protection including steganographic channels hidden in ciphertexts. There are considered methods for designing stream and block pseudo-probabilistic encryption algorithms that implement simultaneous ciphering fake and secret messages so that the generated ciphertext is computationally indistinguishable from the ciphertext obtained as output of the probabilistic encryption of the fake message. The requirement of the ciphertext indistinguishability from the probabilistic encryption has been used as one of the design criteria. To implement this criterion in the construction scheme of the pseudo-probabilistic ciphers it is included step of bijective mapping pairs of intermediate ciphertext blocks of the fake and secret messages into a single expanded block of the output ciphertext. Implementations of the pseudo-probabilistic block ciphers in which algorithms for recovering the fake and secret messages coincide completely are also considered. There are proposed general approaches to constructing no-key encryption protocols and randomized pseudo-probabilistic block ciphers. Concrete implementations of the cryptoschemes of such types are presented.В качестве способа обеспечения секретности сообщений, переданных в зашифрованном виде по открытым каналам связи, при потенциальных атаках с принуждением к раскрытию ключей шифрования предложены алгоритмы и протоколы отрицаемого шифрования, которые разделяются на следующие типы: 1) с открытым ключом; 2) с разделяемым секретным ключом; 3) бесключевые. В статье представлены псевдовероятностные симметричные шифры, представляющие собой специальный вариант реализации алгоритмов отрицаемого шифрования. Обсуждается применение псевдовероятностного шифрования для построения специальных механизмов защиты информации, в том числе стеганографических каналов, носителями которых являются шифртексты. Рассмотрены способы построения поточных и блочных алгоритмов псевдовероятностного шифрования, реализующих совместное шифрование фиктивного и секретного сообщения таким образом, что формируемый шифртекст является вычислительно неразличимым от шифртекста, получаемого в результате вероятностного шифрования фиктивного сообщения. В качестве одного из критериев построения использовано требование неотличимости по шифртексту псевдовероятностного шифрования от вероятностного. Для реализации этого требования в схеме построения псевдоверояностных шифров используется шаг взаимно-однозначного отображения пар блоков промежуточных шифртекстов фиктивного и секретного сообщений в единый расширенный блок выходного шифртекста. Описаны реализации псевдовероятностных блочных шифров, в которых алгоритмы расшифровывания фиктивного и секретного сообщений полностью совпадают. Предложены общие подходы к построению псевдовероятностных протоколов бесключевого шифрования и рандомизированных псевдовероятностных блочных шифров, а также приведены конкретные реализации криптосхем данных типов

A Novel Latin Square Image Cipher

In this paper, we introduce a symmetric-key Latin square image cipher (LSIC) for grayscale and color images. Our contributions to the image encryption community include 1) we develop new Latin square image encryption primitives including Latin Square Whitening, Latin Square S-box and Latin Square P-box ; 2) we provide a new way of integrating probabilistic encryption in image encryption by embedding random noise in the least significant image bit-plane; and 3) we construct LSIC with these Latin square image encryption primitives all on one keyed Latin square in a new loom-like substitution-permutation network. Consequently, the proposed LSIC achieve many desired properties of a secure cipher including a large key space, high key sensitivities, uniformly distributed ciphertext, excellent confusion and diffusion properties, semantically secure, and robustness against channel noise. Theoretical analysis show that the LSIC has good resistance to many attack models including brute-force attacks, ciphertext-only attacks, known-plaintext attacks and chosen-plaintext attacks. Experimental analysis under extensive simulation results using the complete USC-SIPI Miscellaneous image dataset demonstrate that LSIC outperforms or reach state of the art suggested by many peer algorithms. All these analysis and results demonstrate that the LSIC is very suitable for digital image encryption. Finally, we open source the LSIC MATLAB code under webpage https://sites.google.com/site/tuftsyuewu/source-code.Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures, and 7 table

Agonistic behavior of captive saltwater crocodile, crocodylus porosus in Kota Tinggi, Johor

Agonistic behavior in Crocodylus porosus is well known in the wild, but the available data regarding this behavior among the captive individuals especially in a farm setting is rather limited. Studying the aggressive behavior of C. porosus in captivity is important because the data obtained may contribute for conservation and the safety for handlers and visitors. Thus, this study focuses on C. porosus in captivity to describe systematically the agonistic behaviour of C. porosus in relation to feeding time, daytime or night and density per pool. This study was carried out for 35 days in two different ponds. The data was analysed using Pearson’s chi-square analysis to see the relationship between categorical factors. The study shows that C. porosus was more aggressive during daylight, feeding time and non-feeding time in breeding enclosure (Pond C, stock density =0.0369 crocodiles/m2) as compared to non-breeding pond (Pond B, stock density =0.3317 crocodiles/m2) where it is only aggressive during the nighttime. Pond C shows the higher domination in the value of aggression in feeding and non-feeding time where it is related to its function as breeding ground. Chi-square analysis shows that there is no significant difference between ponds (p=0.47, χ2= 2.541, df= 3), thus, there is no relationship between categorical factors. The aggressive behaviour of C. porosus is important for the farm management to evaluate the risk in future for the translocation process and conservation of C. porosus generally

The Melbourne Shuffle: Improving Oblivious Storage in the Cloud

We present a simple, efficient, and secure data-oblivious randomized shuffle algorithm. This is the first secure data-oblivious shuffle that is not based on sorting. Our method can be used to improve previous oblivious storage solutions for network-based outsourcing of data

A Simple Approach to Error Reconciliation in Quantum Key Distribution

We discuss the error reconciliation phase in quantum key distribution (QKD) and analyse a simple scheme in which blocks with bad parity (that is, blocks containing an odd number of errors) are discarded. We predict the performance of this scheme and show, using a simulation, that the prediction is accurate.Comment: 19 pages. Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society, Adelaide, Oct 1, 2009. See also http://wwwmaths.anu.edu.au/~brent/pub/pub239.htm

A Novel Chaotic Image Encryption using Generalized Threshold Function

In this paper, after reviewing the main points of image encryption and threshold function, we introduce the methods of chaotic image encryption based on pseudorandom bit padding that the bits be generated by the novel generalized threshold function (segmentation and self-similarity) methods. These methods decrease periodic effect of the ergodic dynamical systems in randomness of the chaotic image encryption. The essential idea of this paper is that given threshold functions of the ergodic dynamical systems. To evaluate the security of the cipher image of this scheme, the key space analysis, the correlation of two adjacent pixels and differential attack were performed. This scheme tries to improve the problem of failure of encryption such as small key space and level of security.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Published in international Journal of Computer Applications (March 2012