Testing the Gender Role-Perception Theory: A Proposed Explanation for the Lack of Maternity Leave Policy in the United States

The United States is the only industrialized country in the world to not have a federally mandated paid maternity leave. While there is an obvious lack of maternity leave policy in the United States, there is not adequate explanation of this lack. There are some current theories used to explain this problem, such as Hofstede’s theory of individualism, and historical influence, but they are not able to fully explain why there is not maternity policy in the United States. A new proposed theory, the Gender Role-Perception Theory combines gender roles in the United States and attitudes/perceptions towards working mothers to explain how society’s negative views of working mothers who abandon their traditional gender roles leads to the unavailability of maternity policy. Results indicated that while the Gender Role-Perception Theory did not predict attitudes towards a federally mandated maternity leave in general, it did predict attitudes towards paid federally mandated maternity leave. Additional findings included males being more supportive of maternity leave than females, and a liberal political affiliation being significantly correlated with attitudes towards a federally mandated maternity leave

Is maternity care in Scotland equitable? Results of a national maternity care survey

Objective High-quality maternity care is key to long-term improvements in population health. However, even within developed welfare systems, some mothers and babies experience poorer care and outcomes. This study aimed to explore whether women’s experiences of maternity care in Scotland differs by their physical or sociodemographic characteristics. Design Secondary analysis of the 2015 Scottish Maternity Care Experience Survey. The questionnaire was based on the Care Quality Commission English maternity survey. Setting National Health Service maternity care in Scotland. Participants The survey was distributed to 5025 women who gave birth in Scotland during February and March 2015 with 2036 respondents (41%). Main outcome measures The questionnaire explored aspects of care processes and interpersonal care experienced from the first antenatal contact (booking) to 6 weeks following the birth. The analysis investigated whether experiences were related to age, parity, deprivation, rurality, self-reported general health or presence of a health condition that limited daily activities. Analysis used mixed effect multilevel models incorporating logistic regression. Results There were associations between parity, age and deprivation with gestation at booking indicating that younger women, women from more deprived areas and multiparous women booked later. Women reporting generally poorer health were more likely to describe poorer care experiences in almost every domain including continuity, pain relief in labour, communication with staff, support and advice, involvement in decision making, confidence and trust and overall rating of care. Conclusions We found few differences in maternity care experience for women based on their physical or socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings indicate that maternity care in Scotland is generally equitable. However, the link between poorer general health after childbirth and poorer experience of maternity care is an important finding requiring further study

The experience of maternity care for migrant women living with female genital mutilation: A qualitative synthesis

BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of childbearing women with a history of female genital mutilation (FGM) are accessing maternity services in high-income countries across the world. For many of these women, their first contact with the health services in their host country is when they are pregnant. While the clinical consequences of certain categories of FGM are well documented, how high-risk maternity services - designed to mitigate the obstetric consequences of FGM - impact upon women's experience of childbearing is less clear. METHODS: Using a meta-synthesis approach, this paper synthesizes 12 qualitative research papers, conducted in 5 high-income countries, to explore how migrant women with a history of FGM experience maternity care in their host countries. RESULTS: One over-arching theme and four discrete subthemes of migrant women's experience of the maternity services in their host country were identified: feelings of alienation; fatalism and divine providence, positive and negative feelings about maternity care, different understandings of the birthing process, and feelings about FGM. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrate that migrant women with a history of FGM frequently encounter negative attitudes when accessing the maternity services in their host countries. Women's experiences suggest a concerning absence of sensitive and empathetic care; a more woman-centered approach is recommended

Rural maternity care: Can we learn from Wal-Mart?

In many countries rural maternity care is under threat. Consequently rural pregnant women will have to travel further to attend larger maternity units to receive care and deliver their babies. This trend is not dissimilar from the disappearance of other rural services, such as village shops, banks, post offices and bus services. We use a comparative approach to draw an analogy with large-scale supermarkets, such as the Wal-Mart and Tesco and their effect on the viability of smaller rural shops, depersonalisation of service and the wider community. The closure of a community–maternity unit leads to women attending a different type of hospital with a different approach to maternity care. Thus small community–midwifery units are being replaced, not by a very similar unit that happens to be further away, but by a larger obstetric unit that operates on different models, philosophy and notions of risk. Comparative analysis allows a fresh perspective on the provision of rural maternity services. We argue that previous discussions focusing on medicalisation and change in maternity services can be enhanced by drawing on experience in other sectors and taking a wider societal lens

Inhalasi Lemon Mengurangi Mual Muntah Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester Satu

Mual dan muntah pada kehamilan umumnya disebut morning sickness, dialami oleh sekitar 70-80% wanita hamil dan merupakan fenomena yang sering terjadi pada umur kehamilan 5-12 minggu. Lemon minyak esensial (Citrus Lemon) adalah salah satu minyak herbal yang dianggap sebagai obat yang aman pada kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh inhalasi aromaterapi lemon terhadap morning sickness pada ibu hamil di BPS Lia Maria SST Sukarame Bandar Lampung Tahun 2017. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Pre-Experimental Design dengan bentuk One Group Pre-test and Post-test. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil Trimester I yang mengalami morning sickness. Teknik Sampel dengan purposive sampling. Analisa bivariat menggunakan uji t Dependen. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan frekuensi mual muntah sebelum diberikan inhalasi aromaterapi lemon diperoleh nilai rata-rata 24.67 dan frekuensi mual muntah sesudah diberikan inhalasi aromaterapi lemon diperoleh rata-rata 17.87 Ada pengaruh pemberian inhalasi aromaterapi lemon terhadap morning sickness pada ibu hamil dengan P-value = 0.000. Oleh karena itu disarankan bagi ibu hamil yang mengalami mual muntah dapat menerapkan pengobatan aromaterapi lemon  untuk mengurangi mual muntah sehingga dapat mengurangi penggunaan obat farmakologi yang ada efek sampingnya

Divergent trends in U.S. maternity and paternity leave, 1994–2015

OBJECTIVES: The objective is to determine the number and type of U.S. workers taking maternity or paternity leave. METHODS: This research analyzes secondary data from 1994 to 2015 from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS surveys about 60,000 randomly selected households monthly and provides a publicly available ecological long-term series for measuring parental leave. RESULTS: The average month from 1994 to 2015 saw 273,000 women and 13,000 men on maternity or paternity leave. Maternity leave figures show no trend over 22 years. Paternity figures increase by a factor of three, but start from a small base. No national impact on maternity or paternity leave was observed after implementation of state laws which provided paid leave. About half (51.1%) of employees on maternity or paternity leave during 2015 received paid time off. The typical woman on maternity leave was older, more likely married, more likely white non-Hispanic and more educated than the typical woman who gave birth. CONCLUSION: While the US economy expanded dramatically since 1994, this improvement does not appear to have translated into more women taking maternity leave.  Accepted manuscrip

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN FAKTOR SOSIAL BUDAYA DENGAN PEMILIHAN PENOLONG PERSALINAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SAYUNG I KECAMATAN SAYUNG KABUPATEN DEMAK TAHUN 2002

Pelayanan pertolongan persalinan merupakan pelayanan kesehatan, artinya masyarakat akan mencari pelayanan yang diinginkan untuk kesehatannya dan pencarian tersebut dapat ke tenaga kesehatan maupun tenaga non kesehatan. Karena persalinan merupakan saat khusus sekaligus kritis dalam kehamilan untuk itu ibu dan keluarga perlu disiapkan dengan baik. Menurut Green, perilaku dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor yaitu faktor predisposisi, pendukung dan pendorong, begitu juga dengan perilaku pemilihan penolong persalinan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap dan faktor sosial budaya (tingkat pendidikan, sikap dan budaya) dengan pemilihan penolong persalinan. Desain penelitian ini adalah analitik obsevasional dengan jenis penelitian studi crossectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 89 responden, yang terbagi dalam 69 responden dimana penolong persalinannya adalah tenaga kesehatan dan 20 responden yang ditolong tenaga non kesehatan. analisis data yang dilakukan adalah analisa univariat dan analisa bivariat. Hasil analisa bivariat didapatkan, ada hubungan bermakna tingkat pengetahuan responden dengan pemilihan penolong persalinan (x22 = 13,873 dan p = 0,0001), ada hubungan bermakna tingkat pendidikan dengan pemilihan penolong persalinan (x2 = 18,213 dan p = 0,0001), ada hubungan bermakna budaya dengan pemilihan penolong persalinan (x2 = 6,043 dan p = 0,014) dan tidak ada hubungan bermakna pekerjaan dengan pemilihan penolong persalinan (x2 = 0,0001 dan p = 1,000). Dengan hasil tersebut diharapkan pihak Puskesmas Sayung I lebih menggiatkan kegiatan Gerakan Sayang Ibu, Suami Siaga, Keluarga Siaga, Masyarakat Siaga dan Desa Siaga untuk meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam upaya peningkatan status kesehatan masyarakat khususnya penurunan jumlah persalinan yang ditolong oleh dukun. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Sikap, Sosial Budaya dan Pemilihan Penolong THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL CULTURE FACTOR AND THE CHOICE OF THE MATERNITY HELPER IN THE WORK AREA OF PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRE SAYUNG I SAYUNG DISTRIC DEMAK CITY,2002 The service of maternity helper is a health service, it means that the society will find service expected for their own health. And finding of such service can be gained through health staff or non-health staff. As maternity is specific and critical event in pregnancy, so mother and her family need preparing well. According to Green, attitude is effected by three factors i.e predisposition, supporter and motivator factors and also the attitude of the choice of the maternity helper. the purpose of the investigatioan is to know the correlation between the knowledge, attitude and social culture factor (education, profession and culture level) and the choice of the maternity helper. The design of this investigation is observasional anality with cross sectional planning. The sum of the sample is 89 respondents, which is divided into 69 respondents whose maternity are helped by health staff and 20 respondents helped by non-health staff. The data analysis done was univariat and bivariat analysis. The result of the bivariat analysis was that there is meaningfull correlation between knowledge level of the respondent and the choice of the maternity helper (x2 = 14,724 and p = 0,001), there is meaningfull corelation between the attitude and the choice of maternity helper (x2 = 13,873 and p = 0,0001), there is correlation between the education level and the choice of maternity helper (x2 = 18,213 and p = 0,0001), there is correlation between the culture and the choice of maternity helper (x2 = 6,043 and p = 0,0145)and there is not correlation between the profession and the choice of maternity helper. Having the result of the investigation, of Public Health Centre Sayung I was suggested to encourage the activity Sayang Ibu, Suami sayang Ibu, keluarga Sayang Ibu, Masyarakat Sayang Ibu and Desa Siaga movement to increase the society interference in increasing the society health status especially the discharge of the sum of maternity helper by the non-health staff. Keyword: PersalinanKnowledge, Attitude, Social Culture and The Choice of the Maternity Helpe

Eligibility for materniy leave and first birth timing in Great Britain

This paper examines the impact of maternity leave legislation on first birth timing in Great Britain. When maternity leave was introduced in Great Britain in 1976, the eligibility requirement for full-time employees was to have been working for the same employer for at least 2 years. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), this paper examines whether women postponed first birth in accordance with tenure requirements for maternity leave. Higher transition rates to first birth are found for those who had acquired enough employer tenure to qualify for maternity leave than for those who did not yet qualify. However, the causal role of maternity leave legislation for first birth timing is uncertain, since transition rates to first birth began to diverge by employer tenure even before 1976.

Female Employment and Timing of Births Decisions: A Multiple State Transition Model

In this paper we estimate a multiple state transition model, describing transitions into maternity and labor market transitions for women.Each state is characterized by two components: the labor market state and the maternity state. This enables us to investigate to disentangle the effects of socio-economic variables on the timing of births and on labor market transitions.We find that the transition intensities into maternity are significantly higher for non-employed women than for employed women, and transition intensities into employment are significantly higher for women with no children than for women with children.Lower educated non-employed women have a higher transition probability into maternity and lower transition probability into employment than higher educated non-employed women.female workers;models;pregnancy