Education-job (mis)matching and interregional migration: Italian university graduates’ transition to work

This paper explores the patterns of education-job (mis)matching of recent university graduates, focussing on the impact of interregional migration. With the aim of offering a place-based perspective on the topic, the paper looks at the three Italian macro-regions of the North, the Centre and the South, comparing them with the country as a whole. We use an indicator of education-job (mis)matching drawn and adapted from the literature, and apply both ordered logit and probit models with self-selection to a dataset on graduates’ entry in the labour market produced by the Italian National Statistical Institute. Our results suggest that, in line with most previous studies, interregional migration contributes to reduce education-job gaps: however, we find that the analysis for Italy as a whole masks stark differences between macro-regions, for which the typical North-South dualism still holds, confirming once more the cumulative and path-dependent nature of regional development trajectories

Comparing Compensation for Federal and Private-Sector Workers: An Overview

[Excerpt] In recent years, there has been significant congressional interest in compensation of the federal workforce. The increased interest has been driven at least in part by the federal fiscal situation and in part by the state of the economy since the recession began in 2007. Issues related to the compensation of federal employees often center on the pay differential between federal workers and their private sector counterparts. For years, the annual President’s Pay Agent (PPA) study, which is covered in greater detail later in this report, has shown a large wage penalty for federal workers compared to private sector workers in similar occupations. A spate of recent studies, which use a different analytical approach and data sources, has partially contradicted the findings of the PPA study by concluding that at least some federal workers enjoy a wage premium over comparable private sector workers. These studies and accompanying reporting on the comparison of compensation of federal workers to private sector workers provide an indication of the disparate findings, which makes it difficult to determine how compensation of federal employees actually compares to that of workers in the private sector. This report attempts to clarify why the recent studies have arrived at different conclusions and examines limitations of the approaches employed in the different studies

Labour Market Information for Educational Investments

A well-trained workforce is generally seen as an important precondition for economic growth. But decisions about investments in education and training must be taken under uncertainty, because the benefits will only be reaped in the long term. To predict what these future benefits may be, it is necessary to have some insight into how the labour market functions with respect to education and training. There are various theories, in the literature, which outline a picture of the role played by education and training in the labour market. This paper begins with a sketch of the various policy approaches to the match between the education system and the labour market and an explanation of the importance of labour market information for policy choices. Five labour market theories in which workers'' educational backgrounds is an important factor will be described. Then, on the basis of these theories, we infer what labour market information could be significant in educational decisions. Some basic principles for the preparation of labour market forecasts are identified, and a structure which could be used in making forecasts is outlined. The paper concludes with a plea for a European approach.education, training and the labour market;

Long-term effects of school quality on health and lifestyle: evidence from comprehensive schooling reforms in England

Members of the National Child Development Study cohort attended very different types of secondary schools, as their schooling lay within the transition period of the comprehensive education reform in England and Wales. This provides a natural setting to explore the impact of educational attainment and of school quality on health and health-related behavior later in life. We use a combination of matching methods and parametric regressions to deal with selection effects and to evaluate differences in adult health outcomes and health-related behavior for cohort members exposed to the old selective and to the new comprehensive educational systems

Economic Impacts of GO TO 2040

The economy of the Chicago metropolitan region has reached a critical juncture. On the one hand, Chicagoland is currently a highly successful global region with extraordinary assets and outputs. The region successfully made the transition in the 1980s and 1990s from a primarily industrial to a knowledge and service-based economy. It has high levels of human capital, with strong concentrations in information-sector industries and knowledge-based functional clusters -- a headquarters region with thriving finance, business services, law, IT and emerging bioscience, advanced manufacturing and similar high-growth sectors. It combines multiple deep areas of specialization, providing the resilience that comes from economic diversity. It is home to the abundant quality-of-life amenities that flow from business and household prosperity.On the other hand, beneath this static portrait of our strengths lie disturbing signs of a potential loss of momentum. Trends in the last decade reveal slowing rates, compared to other regions, of growth in productivity and gross metropolitan product. Trends in innovation, new firm creation and employment are comparably lagging. The region also faces emerging challenges with respect to both spatial efficiency and governance.In this context, the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP) has just released GO TO 2040, its comprehensive, long-term plan for the Chicago metropolitan area. The plan contains recommendations aimed at shaping a wide range of regional characteristics over the next 30 years, during which time more than 2 million new residents are anticipated. Among the chief goals of GO TO 2040 are increasing the region's long-term economic prosperity, sustaining a high quality of life for the region's current and future residents and making the most effective use of public investments. To this end, the plan addresses a broad scope of interrelated issues which, in aggregate, will shape the long-term physical, economic, institutional and social character of the region.This report by RW Ventures, LLC is an independent assessment of the plan from a purely economic perspective, addressing the impacts that GO TO 2040's recommendations can be expected to have on the future of the regional economy. The assessment begins by describing how implementation of GO TO 2040's recommendations would affect the economic landscape of the region; reviews economic research and practice about the factors that influence regional economic growth; and, given both of these, articulates and illustrates the likely economic impacts that will flow from implementation of the plan. In the course of reviewing the economic implications of the plan, the assessment also provides recommendations of further steps, as the plan is implemented, for increasing its positive impact on economic growth

The economic benefits of career guidance

This research paper sets out the evidence on the economic benefits of career guidance. It argues that although career guidance is primarily concerned with the individual it also offers major social and economic benefits. It is these benefits that justify public investment in the area.The evidence base provides insights into the effective delivery of career guidance and highlights the three main policy areas that it can support: (1) the effective functioning of the labour market and through this the economy, (2) the effective functioning of the education system; and (3) social equity. This paper focuses on the first of these in the context of current UK (with a focus on England) policy aims around fiscal restraint and deficit reduction. Career guidance contributes to a range of individual outcomes which influence a number of primary and secondary outcomes which in turn lead to macro-economic benefits. The evidence shows that career guidance can have substantial benefits for the economy by supporting individuals to enhance their capacities in ways that contribute to enhanced jobs, skills and growth. This suggests that the government should re-examine current career guidance policy and consider how it can best maximise the aforementioned economic benefits. This may include widening access in general, considering how best to target provision and rethinking what departments might be involved in funding and influencing the development of a lifelong career guidance system in the UK

Supporting and Scaling Change: Lessons From the First Round of the Investing in Innovation (i3) Program

Assesses the degree to which the i3 program helped advance innovation in public education. Outlines takeaways, challenges, and recommendations for the Education Department and grantmakers, including optimizing support for different stages of innovation

Easy Come, EZ-GO: A Federal Role in Removing Jurisdictional Impediments to College Education

Outlines the need to raise college degree attainment by creating Educational Zone Governance Organizations in multistate metropolitan regions to coordinate and incentivize policies that expand access. Offers data by metro area, age, and race/ethnicity

Varieties of Professional Domains and Employability Determinants in Higher Education

This paper discusses graduates employability and early career success. In this context it follows multiple goals. First, it overviews the key research issues, results and concepts related to HE graduates’ transition. While this classification remains on the level of a simplified meta overview, it indicates the need for the contextualisation of graduate models and improvements in the interpretation of results. Second, it provides a short overview of the graduate transition models developed in early stages of the DEHEMS project and prior to it. Third, it applies theoretical considerations and the model developed in previous sections to a case study analysis of two domains. The data set relates to Slovenian graduates 5 years after they graduated from the HEGESCO international survey. The preliminary analysis leads to general conclusions and recommendations for further analysing and comparing different professional domains. Some concluding observations related do domain varieties are: a) graduates’ professional success is a multidimensional concept and requires modifications when applied to analytical models of study domains, b) even when the results of different study domains appear to be similar, their meaning can differ a lot when the interpretation is placed within the specific context of a professional domain, c) the principles and responsibility of the competencies incubation phase from education and the labour market should be interpreted and understood in line with the expected function of the HE institution, e) knowing the prevailing logic behind graduates’ jobs, such as managerialism, bureaucracy or professionalism in relation to graduates’ career observations might be another factor in determining graduates’ career success factors, f) when considering the factors of career success or the quality of jobs, one should be aware there might be an important difference when considering a model on an individual-level or a country-level basis.

The function of labour market mobility to regional economic growth generally and by new service economy and labour force nationality especially

Efficient matching of local demand and supply of labour at different qualification levels is considered to be an important prerequisite for economic growth in every region. The expectation is that higher mobility of the labour force should increase the general level of employment, e.g. due to a relatively high gross demand of labour and the problems of matching-time to fill in the vacancies. Moreover, increased total labour mobility is thus seen as one tool for reaching the goals of the labour market policy, employing as large as possible part of the labour force into ordinary employment. Use of annual gross-flow labour market statistics may be very relevant in such analyses, allowing multidimensional analysis of labour market mobility, i.e. in geographical terms as well as between sectors and according to the qualifications of the labour force. Among the sectors, knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) are often seen as an important characteristic of the new, more knowledge based economy. Efficient sharing and transferring of knowledge is central, and KIBS play an important role in the learning and transaction processes. It is thus of importance to analyse KIBS’ role as a regional competitive base, e.g. by studying the competitiveness of cities and regions in terms of growth of employment, and particularly focus on the mobility of the individuals that enter and leave the KIBS sectors. Labour mobility in this growing sector may also act as a prerequisite for what may be expected to form the future labour mobility structures of the society, and is thus of particular importance for both the labour market and regional policy perspectives. Increased international migration as a result of increased internationalisation gives rise to a more internationally mixed labour force within countries. On the other hand, national labour market policy attempt to use actively immigration as a tool for solving parts of the domestic labour market problems, e.g. shortage of supply of certain kinds of labour in more remote regions. It is thus of particular importance to analyse the function of both initial and succeeding labour mobility among different immigrant groups and how their labour mobility function in relation to the mobility of the employed national majority. The main purpose of this paper is to present some analyses of the regional labour mobility in terms of growth of employment focusing on the number and quality of the persons that enter and leave the local labour markets. Besides some descriptive analyses, we test the hypothesis if the regional growth of employment is positively or negatively correlated to the level of different segments of gross mobility to and from jobs generally, and more particularly for employment in knowledge intensive service industries and for the employment broken down by different groups of nationality.