Supervision Practices as a Predictor of Maritime Accidents and Incidents in Territorial Waters, Mombasa County, Kenya

The study focused on supervision practices on maritime accidents and incidents in territorial waters, Mombasa County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The objective of the study was to examine the influence of supervision practices on maritime accidents and incidents in territorial waters, Mombasa County, Kenya. The study population was 194 employees of Kenyan Ferry Services (KFS) who included 4 top management officers, 15 middle management and 175 supervisory officers. This study used stratified sampling to identify a sample size of 78 employees which represent 40% of the population. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire. Frequencies, descriptive and inferential statistics were derived to present the data. Demographic information was presented through charts; descriptive statistics presented using tables and bar graphs while inferential statistics, correlation analysis and regression were presented using tables. Analysis was done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences tool. A multiple linear regression model was used to test the significance. Findings revealed that R2 was 0.783, β=0.531, t=8.970, p=0.000<0.05). Study hypotheses concluded that supervisory practices had a statistically significant influence on maritime incidents and accidents in territorial waters in Kenya. Study suggests solutions to curb maritime accidents and incidents in the Coast region. The study may be of importance to the government by using the recommendations to enact policies aimed at further minimizing accidents in Kenyan territorial and internal waters. The study findings may also benefit researchers who may wish to develop the study further through subsequent researches and also the academicians wishing to enrich their knowledge in the concept of supervision practices in curbing maritime accidents and incidents. Keyswords:Supervision practices, maritime accidents and incidents, territorial waters DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-6-01 Publication date:July 31st 202

Comparative review of collision avoidance systems in maritime and aviation

This study provides a comparison between aviation and maritime industries in the context of collision avoidance. Thus, it focuses on the regulations, operational practices, techniques and procedures in both aeroplanes and ships for collision avoidance. Due to safety and technology advancements in the aviation industry, advancements in aviation to prevent collision avoidance can be implemented in ships, developing a better situational awareness and improved navigational watch. Generally, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) on board ships is responsible for all the decisions that need to be taken on the navigational bridge. Consequently, this requires an immense amount of data analysis; moreover, this data is located in various locations on the bridge. Yet this can cause a work overload for the OOW, potentially leading to human errors and lack of situational awareness. This study reveals the shortages in maritime industry, helping us to adopt new safety-related enhancements and technologies to reduce the risk of collision at sea, which is inspired by the aviation industry

A study of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in Dublin Port in conjunction with the Intelligent Transport for Dynamic Environment (InTraDE) Project

In the last four decades the container as an essential part of a unit load-concept has achieved authentic importance in international sea freight transportation. With ever increasing containerization the number of port container terminals and competition among them has become quite remarkable. Port container operations are nowadays unthinkable without effective and efficient use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) (Steenken & Stahlbock, 2004). The main problem in handling increasing levels of cargo is managing the internal traffic and optimizing space inside smaller and medium sized ports. A gap exists between automated cargo handling equipment that is suitable for use in the larger container terminals such as Rotterdam and its suitability in smaller terminals such as Dublin. A new generation of cargo handling technology has been designed in the form of an Intelligent Autonomous Vehicle (IAV). The IAV is a clean, safe, intelligent vehicle which will contribute to improving the traffic management and space optimization inside confined space by developing a clean, safe and intelligent transport system. This technology has been designed and developed as part of the ‘InTraDE’ (Intelligent Transport for Dynamic Environment) project to which the research has contributed. By using ITSs, logistics operations could be improved by enhancing the exchange of information and real-time status updates regarding different business operations in different modes of transportation (Schumacher et al., 2011). Maritime transport has recently gained increased attention, especially in connection to the building and further development of ITS (Pietrzykowski, 2010). This research looks at the main logistic processes and operations in port container terminals. It discusses the extent to which the terminal shipping operators in Dublin Port currently meet the demands of their customers and whether the introduction of ITS could enhance the efficiency and productivity of such services

A Study on Marine Intelligent Transport System

Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS) is an innovative transportation system that may be able to secure a cheap and safe transportation environment as well as an efficient operation by connecting up-to-date skills including a broad range of wireless and wire_line communications-based information, control and electronics technologies. When integrated into the transportation system infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these technologies help monitor and manage traffic flow, reduce congestion, enhance productivity, and save lives, time and money. In the fields of land transportation, ITS has been considered the solution of the overall transportation problems including energy and environment through ITS technologies, and its concept has been developing as a major national policy since the 1980s. However, in spite of the need in the fields of maritime transportation, such kind of transportation system has not been researched and developed yet. There are Vessel Traffic Services(VTS), Automatic Identification System(AIS), Port Management & Information System(Port_MIS) and Vessel Monitoring System(VMS) in the field of maritime transportation But the architecture of those systems were not fully researched and not developed under the consideration of the solution of the overall transportation problems. Therefore, in this paper for the solution of the overall maritime transportation problems, Maritime Intelligent Transport Systems(MITS) is researched on the base of ITS, and its concept, services and sub systems are proposed. The proposed MITS would be thought to help monitor and manage maritime traffic flow, reduce congestion and accidents, and enhance safety of lives and marine environment.표 목차 vi 그림 목차 viii Abstract ix 제 1 장 서론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 1.2 연구의 방법 및 범위 2 제 2 장 육상 ITS 5 2.1 개념 5 2.2 제공서비스 7 2.2.1 교통관리 최적화 서비스 분야 7 2.2.2 전자지불처리 서비스 분야 9 2.2.3 교통정보유통 활성화 서비스 분야 9 2.2.4 여행자정보 고급화 서비스 분야 10 2.2.5 대중교통 서비스 분야 11 2.2.6 화물운송효율화 서비스 분야 12 2.2.7 차량·도로 첨단화 서비스 분야 13 2.3 단위 시스템의 구축 15 2.3.1 개념 15 2.3.2 구성 15 2.3.3 분야별 서비스 16 2.4 ITS 구축현황 및 세부 추진계획 24 2.4.1 교통관리 최적화 서비스 분야 24 2.4.2 전자지불 서비스 분야 27 2.4.3 교통정보 유통활성화 서비스 분야 28 2.4.4 여행자정보 고급화 서비스 분야 30 2.4.5 대중교통 서비스 분야 31 2.4.6 화물운송 효율화 서비스 분야 34 2.4.7 차량·도로 첨단화 서비스 분야 36 제 3 장 해상교통관제 및 정보시스템 조사·분석 39 3.1 국내 현황 39 3.1.1 VTS 시스템 40 3.1.2 AIS 시스템 44 3.1.3 PORT-MIS 45 3.1.4 원양선박 위치 추적관리시스템(VMS) 46 3.1.5 연근해 조업선 정보 시스템 47 3.1.6 여객선 운항정보 47 3.1.7 해양심판 정보시스템 47 3.1.8 침몰선 관리시스템 48 3.1.9 해양안전종합정보망(GICOMS) 49 3.1.10 항로 표지 56 3.1.11 NAVTEX 시스템 62 3.1.12 SAR 시스템 64 3.1.13 여객선 안전운항관리 시스템 65 3.1.14 구난방제 시스템 66 3.1.15 COSPAS-SARSAT 시스템 68 3.2 국외의 현황 70 3.2.1 해양전자고속도로 70 3.2.2 장거리 선박 식별 및 추적 시스템 73 3.3 문제점 및 개선방안 75 제 4 장 국가 ITS의 해상적용을 위한 비교분석 78 4.1 기능분류 및 제공정보의 분석 78 4.1.1 첨단교통관리분야의 분석 79 4.1.2 첨단교통정보분야의 분석 79 4.1.3 첨단대중교통분야 분석 81 4.1.4 첨단화물운송 분야 분석 82 4.1.5 첨단차량 및 도로분야 분석 83 4.2 제공서비스별로 분류된 7개 서비스체계의 비교분석 84 4.2.1 교통관리 최적화 분야 84 4.2.2 전자지불처리 분야 86 4.2.3 교통정보유통 활성화 분야 87 4.2.4 여행자정보 고급화 분야 88 4.2.5 대중교통 분야 89 4.2.6 화물운송 효율화 분야 90 4.2.7 차량·도로 첨단화 분야 91 4.3 국가 ITS의 MITS 적용 92 4.3.1 교통관리 최적화 분야 92 4.3.2 전자지불처리 분야 93 4.3.3 교통정보유통 활성화 분야 94 4.3.4 여행자 정보 고급화 분야 95 4.3.5 대중교통 분야 96 4.3.6 화물운송 효율화 분야 97 4.3.7 차량·도로 첨단화 분야 98 4.4 추가될 수 있는 MITS의 서비스 99 제 5 장 지능형 해상교통관리체계 101 5.1 개념 101 5.2 MITS의 제공서비스 102 5.2.1 선박운항관리 최적화 분야 102 5.2.2 선박교통정보 활성화 분야 104 5.2.3 여객선 정보제공 분야 105 5.2.4 화물운송 효율화 분야 106 5.2.5 선박·항로 첨단화 분야 107 5.3 MITS의 분야별 목표 시스템 109 5.3.1 선박운항관리최적화 분야 109 5.3.2 선박교통정보 활성화 분야 112 5.3.3 여객선 정보제공 분야 114 5.3.4 화물운송 효율화 분야 115 5.3.5 선박·항로 첨단화 분야 116 제 6 장 결론 119 참고문헌 12

A New Architectural Framework for Digitalization of Maritime Intelligent Transport Systems

The Transnav - International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For licence details please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/Digitization in international shipping is an increasingly important topic, but for many years, the lack of accepted international standards and the usage of many different regional solutions, especially for communication between ships and ports, has made the introduction of digitalized solutions difficult. Since 2020, important work has been done in IMO to harmonize international standards supporting ship-port interactions, and this work has now been supported by both shipping, ports, and international standardizations organizations. IMO, through its facilitation committee (FAL) and EGDH (Expert Group on Data Harmonization) is developing the IMO Reference Data Model that covers mandatory reporting requirements related to port calls. This conceptual data model is mapped to three technical data models in three different domains, namely, UNECE (trade), WCO (customs) and ISO 28005 (maritime) to ensure the interoperability between the different ICT systems participating in the data exchange. The IMO Reference Data Model has also been extended with operational data to handle Just-In-Time arrival and departure and also nautical information to ensure that the specification of the locations in ports (berths, pilot boarding places, bollards etc) are the same for different usages. Several international organizations as BIMCO (the largest ship owners' organization) and international port organisations as IAPH, IPCSA and IHMA are strongly involved in this work. This paper summarizes work done by IMO and others to clarify the roles, functionalities and ICT-systems (Information and Communications Technology) that are needed to support the various processes needed to be performed during a port call. These definitions will form the basis for defining a Maritime ITS (Intelligent Transport System) Architecture which will also need to be related to road ITS and also to e-Navigation functionalities. The Maritime ITS Architecture described in this paper contains three levels, namely the Domain Definition (generalized roles that represent people, organizations and equipment in the system), the Processes (definitions of processes and functions that need to be supported to make the domain work), and the Information model (a generalized information model covering the information elements that are required by the functions and processes). In addition to this comes the layers to describe the physical implementation architecture, and the layers to describe the service implementation (e.g. APIs) and the protocols.publishedVersio

An Efficient Hybrid Webshell Detection Method for Webserver of Marine Transportation Systems

An increase in the number of Maritime Intelligent Transport Systems (MITSs) also means an increase in the number of information security risks. Usually, the administration and operation of MITSs are done through web servers that are frequently targeted by hackers. In marine transportation industry, malicious code injection attacks (webshell) has been widely exploited by hackers to take full control of Web servers. Traditional webshell detection methods based on pattern matching that are no longer effective against new types of webshell. This motivates us to investigate the problem of detecting obfuscation or unknown webshells, termed OUW problem. In this work, we propose a pattern-matching-deep-learning hybrid ASP.NET webshell detection method (H-DLPMWD) to address the OUW problem. H-DLPMWD is based on Yara-based pattern matching to clean dataset; modeling ASP.NET code files as an operation code index (OCI) vectors; and applying CNN method to train and predict webshell in OCI vectors. To validate H-DLPMWD, our rigorous experimentation demonstrates that H-DLPMWD achieves an excellent accuracy of 98.49%, F1-score of 99.01%, and a low false positive rate of 1.75%