Efecto de la aplicación de hormonas en el enraizamiento de diferentes clones de maqui, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stunz

40 p.El maqui, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, es una planta nativa de Chile que se encuentra entre la IV y XI regiones, también en el archipiélago de Juan Fernández y en Argentina. Sus frutos poseen alta capacidad antioxidante, lo que la hace muy llamativa para la industria nutraceutica, farmacológica y cosmética. Sin embargo, solo es posible encontrar esta especie en poblaciones silvestres, desde donde se extraen los frutos, heterogéneos y muchas veces de mala calidad. La reproducción vegetativa permite replicar las características de una “planta madre” sobresaliente, lo que haría posible establecer plantaciones productivas de maqui, desde donde se obtengan producciones homogéneas y en poco tiempo. Actualmente no se conocen técnicas de manejo de cultivo en maqui. El estudio de los diferentes clones de maqui permitirá determinar sus características y comportamiento al reproducirlos vegetativamente. Se evaluó la propagación por estacas de clones de maqui de cinco procedencias y su respuesta a la aplicación de 2000 ppm de IBA en solución alcohólica. Se determinó cómo influye esta hormona en el enraizamiento de los diferentes clones, las diferencias de la respuesta rizogénica entre ellos y si existiese alguna combinación óptima de un determinado clon con la aplicación (o no) de hormona enraizante. Las estacas se extrajeron en el mes de abril de 2013 de la madera del año del Ensayo de plantas madres establecido en la Estación Experimental Panguilemo de la Universidad de Talca (35°36´S, 71°58´O). Las estacas contaban con a lo menos cuatro yemas. Se establecieron en una cama caliente con temperaturas de 18°C a 22°C para favorecer el enraizamiento, con perlita como sustrato y riego controlado por nebulización. Cumplidas seis semanas se evaluó el porcentaje de enraizamiento, porcentaje de formación de callo,porcentaje de pudrición y calidad de raíces.La interacción clon- hormona no fue significativa, por lo tanto no existe una combinación óptima de un clon especifico y la aplicación (o no) de hormona. Sí existieron diferencias altamente significativas entre los clones estudiados, destacando el Clon 5 por sus bajos resultados: 21% de enraizamiento y 97% de pudrición. Por el contrario, los clones 1, 2, 3 y 4, no difirieron estadísticamente en enraizamiento y pudrición. Clon 2 se destacó por presentar diferencias significativas en calidad de raíces.Palabras clave: clon, estacas, propagación vegetativa./ABSTRACT: Maqui, Aristotelia chilensis (Mol) Stuntz, is a shrubs native of Chile found between the regions IV and XI, as well as in the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and in Argentina. Its fruits have high antioxidant capacity, which is of great interest for the nutraceutical, drug and cosmetics industry. However, this species is only found in wild populations, from where the fruits are extracted, being heterogeneous and often of poor quality. Commercial maqui crops could be obtained by vegetative reproduction that replicates the characteristics of an outstanding "mother plant". Productions are obtained homogeneous in a short time. Currently unknown crop management techniques in maqui. The study of different clones of maqui will determine the rooting of cuttings their characteristics and behavior to reproduce vegetatively.The vegetative propagation by cuttings of five clones of maqui and its response to the application of 2000 ppm of IBA in alcohol solution was evaluated. The effect of this hormone on the rooting of different clones, their behavior and if there is and if there is any optimal combination of a particular clon with the application (or not) of rooting hormone. Cuttings taken from shoots of the same year were taken in April 2013 from mother plants established at Estación Experimental Panguilemo of the Universidad de Talca (35 ° 36'S,71 ° 58'W). The cuttings had at least four buds. They were treated in a warm bed and established at temperatures of 18° C to 22° C to encourage rooting, with perlite as substrate and irrigation controlled by nebulization. After six weeks, the percentage of rooting, callus formation, rotting and quality of roots were evaluated. No optimal combination between a specific clone and the application (or not) of rooting hormone. Could be detected as the interaction clone-hormone was not significant. The differences among the clones studied was highly significant with poorest rooting results for Clone 5: 21% rooting and 97% of decay, whereas, clones 1, 2, 3 and 4, did not differ significantlyin rooting and rot. Clone 2 showed best quality of roots.Keywords clone, cutting, vegetative propagation

The maquiladora industry in historical perspective: part 2

Mexico ; Foreign exchange ; North American Free Trade Agreement ; Trade

Estudio quimico y actividad antioxidante de los antocianos presentes en los frutos de maqui

66 p.Hoy en día, aquellos productos que contienen antioxidantes han adquirido gran importancia debido a que numerosos estudios revelaron que su consumo es altamente beneficioso para la salud humana, ya que son capaces de prevenir ciertas enfermedades ocasionadas por el estrés oxidativo, y además pueden mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas.Dentro de los estudios realizados a varios frutos nativos de nuestro país, es importante destacar que el Maqui posee innumerables cualidades, que lo convierten en un fruto muy atractivo para la economía chilena. Debido al alto contenido de antocianos presentes en estos frutos, es de suma importancia estudiar su capacidad antioxidante in vitro. Para ello, se preparó un extracto a partir de frutos de maqui, mediante un protocolo de trabajo que incluye etapas de lavado, eliminación de interferentes y eliminación de azúcares. A partir del extracto puro obtenido, se determinó espectrofotométricamente el contenido Antocianos totales; por otro lado, se realizó un perfil cromatográfico de las antocianinas, utilizando un equipo de Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Precisión (HPLC). Posteriormente, se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante, a través del método del Difenilpicrilhidracilo (DPPH). Los resultados obtenidos al analizar frutos de maqui provenientes de las regiones de O’Higgins, Maule, Bío Bío y Los Lagos muestran gran variabilidad en el contenido de Antocianos totales en los frutos de maqui recolectados, pero sólo ligeras diferencias en el perfil de Antocianos que componen estos frutos. Además se puede confirmar la gran capacidad antioxidante que poseen estos frutos

Caregiver Integration During Discharge Planning for Older Adults to Reduce Resource Use: A Metaanalysis

Objectives To determine the effect of integrating informal caregivers into discharge planning on postdischarge cost and resource use in older adults. Design A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials that examine the effect of discharge planning with caregiver integration begun before discharge on healthcare cost and resource use outcomes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for all English‐language articles published between 1990 and April 2016. Setting Hospital or skilled nursing facility. Participants Older adults with informal caregivers discharged to a community setting. Measurements Readmission rates, length of and time to post‐discharge rehospitalizations, costs of postdischarge care. Results Of 10,715 abstracts identified, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies provided sufficient detail to calculate readmission rates for treatment and control participants. Discharge planning interventions with caregiver integration were associated with a 25% fewer readmissions at 90 days (relative risk (RR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62–0.91) and 24% fewer readmissions at 180 days (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.64–0.90). The majority of studies reported statistically significant shorter time to readmission, shorter rehospitalization, and lower costs of postdischarge care among discharge planning interventions with caregiver integration. Conclusion For older adults discharged to a community setting, the integration of caregivers into the discharge planning process reduces the risk of hospital readmission

Análisis bioinformático del transcriptoma del maqui (Aristotelia chilensis): identificación de genes involucrados en la biosíntesis de antocianinas

74 p.Aristotelia chilensis o comúnmente llamado maqui, es un pequeño árbol endémico chileno que produce un fruto de tipo baya que ha comenzado a tomar relevancia biotecnológica y médica, por su alta actividad antioxidante en comparación con otros frutos de tipo bayas, los cuales están dados principalmente por su alta concentración de antocianinas específicas. Las antocianinas del maqui se destacan por dar pigmentación de tonalidades púrpuras y azules a lo largo de la etapa de maduración del fruto. En el maqui las antocianinas con mayor concentración corresponden a delfinidina y cianidina, mostrando niveles de concentración por encima de la media general en éste tipo de frutos. Actualmente los genes implicados en la regulación y biosíntesis de antocianinas en el maqui permanecen sin ser investigado. Por tanto el objetivo principal del presente proyecto es estudiar el transcriptoma del maqui para identificar y caracterizar los genes implicados en la formación de antocianinas en el fruto del maqui y así poder justificar su alto contenido. Para esto se realizaron secuenciaciones en MiSeq de Illumina, para tres estados diferentes de maduración; fruto verde, pintón y maduro, obteniendo 29.603.685 lecturas de extremos pareados de 150 pb de largo. El total de unigenes ensamblados fue de 64.924, de los cuales se anotaron 32.453 de manera automática utilizando la base de datos no redundante de proteínas del NCBI. De los unigenes no anotados, 28.906 corresponden a secuencias no codificantes, identificadas usando CPC (Coding Protein Calculator). Utilizando una base de datos local de los genes asociados a la ruta metabólica de la antocianina y la herramienta de alineamientos locales BLAST (tblastn), se lograron identificar los unigenes de Aristotelia chilensis asociados a ésta ruta. Se observó que genes claves de la ruta de biosíntesis de antocianinas, tales como F3’H, F3’5’H, DFR y UFGT, se encuentran altamente expresos cuando el fruto se encuentra en estado maduro. El análisis de expresión diferencial entre los unigenes de fruto verde y maduro, realizados con EdgeR, resultó con un total de 9.452 unigenes diferencialmente expresos entre los dos estados de maduración.La buena calidad de secuenciación se demostró en la gran cantidad de unigenes obtenidos del transcriptoma reconstruido en forma de novo, mostrando también que existen datos interesantes que pueden ser objetivo de estudios posteriores, como los unigenes asociados a ARN no codificante. El análisis de expresión diferencial arrojó resultados que concuerdan con los contenidos de antocianinas totales y perfiles específicos de delfinidina, mostrando también la sobre expresión que existe en el fruto maduro de algunos genes estructurales de la ruta metabólica de la antocianina./ABSTRACT: Aristotelia chilensis or commonly called maqui, is a Chilean endemic tree that produces a berry type fruit of recently biotechnological and medical importance, well-known for its high antioxidant activity compared to other berry fruits, which are given mainly for its high concentration of specific anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in maqui stand to give purple pigmentation and blue tones along the ripening stage. In maqui, anthocyanins with the most concentration are delphinidin and cyanidin, showing levels above the average concentration for this type of fruit. Currently, genes involved in regulation and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in maqui remain to be studied. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to study the transcriptome of maqui to identify and characterize genes involved in the formation of anthocianins in maqui berry and justify their high content. For this, three runs on a MiSeq Illumina sequencer were performed, for three different stages of ripening; for the green fruit, the half ripened fruit and the ripe fruit, obtaining 19.603.685 paired end reads of 151 bp in length. The total number of assembled unigenes were 64.924, of which 32.453 where automatically annotated using the non redundant database from NCBI. From non annotated unigenes, 28.906 correspond to non coding sequences, identified using CPC (Coding Protein Calculator). Differential expression analysis of unigenes between green and ripe fruits, using EdgeR, resulted in a total of 9.452 differentially expressed unigenes, from which 7.222 were up regulated and 2.230 were down regulated in green fruits compared to ripe fruits. Using a local database of anthocyanin metabolic pathway genes and BLAST (tblast), achieved identify the unigenes of Aristotelia chilensis associated to this pathway. It was observed that key genes of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, such as F3’5’H, DFR, UFGT and regulator genes (Myb family transcription factors) are highly expressed in ripe fruit. The good sequencing quality was demonstrated by the large number of unigenes obtained from the de novo transcriptomic analysis, also providing interesting data that can be target of future studies, as unigenes that were transcribed to non 11 coding RNAs. Differential expression analysis resulted in data consistent with the total anthocyanins content and specific profiles of delphinidin, also showing the up regulation of some structural genes of the anthocyanin metabolic pathway on the ripe fruit

Identification and validation of microsatellite markers in strawberry tree (Arbutusunedo L.)

Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.), an evergreen shrub/small tree of the family Ericaceae, is a main constituent of the Mediterranean basin flora; although it is also found in southwestern Prance, Macaronesia, and Ireland. The small fruits are edible but mostly used for preparation of preserves and jams, and for liquors such as the Portuguese traditional "aguardente de medronho". Traditionally cultivated by small farmers, often in consociation with Quercus sp., strawberry tree is presently emerging as a new important fruit crop cultivated in large orchards by modern export-oriented enterprises. This change of paradigm requires a growing role of plant breeding, upstream of the production process. Genomic tools for this species are mostly limited to the chloroplast genome sequence and to genomic data described in this work. In order to identify strawberry tree microsatellite (SSR) loci we performed partial genome next-generation sequencing using the Ion Torrent technology. The sequenced similar to 24.6M nucleotides resulted in the identification of 1185 microsatellite markers mostly constituted by dinucleotide motifs. The relative amount of microsatellite dinucleotide motifs (AG/CT - 71.7%, AC/GT - 20.5%, AT/AT - 2.9%, and CG/CG - 0.3%) is similar to the one observed in other Ericaceae species. Among a tested sample of 40 SSR primer pairs, 20 amplified well-defined PCR products, 12 (30%) were validated as polymorphic. Used in our collaborative project for molecular identification of selected and improved clones, the identified SSR loci constitute a strong tool for a large panoply of applied and fundamental studies of this emerging fruit crop.Pluriannual Funding Program of the Portuguese National Foundation for Science and Technologyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

<i>Clitoria ternatea</i> L. flower extract inhibits α-amylase during <i>in vitro </i>starch digestion

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Clitoria ternatea flower against α-amylase during simulated in vitro wheat starch digestion. The dark-blue tropical flower is used as a food colorant but its ability to modulate starch digestion has not been tested before. The aqueous extract of the flower containing anthocyanins was a competitive inhibitor against α-amylase with an IC50 value (concentration of inhibitor required to reduce the enzyme activity by half) and inhibition constant, Ki, of 0.91 mg/mL and 0.75 mg/mL,respectively. Subjecting the extract to pasteurisation (72oC for 15 s) and boiling (for 30 min) it significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased the anthocyanin content as determined by a pH-shift method, although the light absorbance profile of the extract remained virtually unchanged, suggesting that the equilibrium mixture of anthocyanin species was unaffected. The thermal degradation of the anthocyanins explained the partial loss of inhibition activity of the extract, as indicated by the decrease in Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, from 14.8 mg/mL in thesystems with unheated extract to 11.3 and 6.1 mg/mL in pasteurised and boiled extracts, respectively. The thermal treatments, however, did not change the type (competitive) of inhibition. The results from this work demonstrated the potential of C. ternatea flower extract in inhibiting α-amylase during starch digestion, which might lead to development of functional food/drink for controlling postprandial blood glucose level

Caregiver Integration During Discharge Planning for Older Adults to Reduce Resource Use: A Metaanalysis

Objectives To determine the effect of integrating informal caregivers into discharge planning on postdischarge cost and resource use in older adults. Design A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials that examine the effect of discharge planning with caregiver integration begun before discharge on healthcare cost and resource use outcomes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for all English‐language articles published between 1990 and April 2016. Setting Hospital or skilled nursing facility. Participants Older adults with informal caregivers discharged to a community setting. Measurements Readmission rates, length of and time to post‐discharge rehospitalizations, costs of postdischarge care. Results Of 10,715 abstracts identified, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies provided sufficient detail to calculate readmission rates for treatment and control participants. Discharge planning interventions with caregiver integration were associated with a 25% fewer readmissions at 90 days (relative risk (RR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62–0.91) and 24% fewer readmissions at 180 days (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.64–0.90). The majority of studies reported statistically significant shorter time to readmission, shorter rehospitalization, and lower costs of postdischarge care among discharge planning interventions with caregiver integration. Conclusion For older adults discharged to a community setting, the integration of caregivers into the discharge planning process reduces the risk of hospital readmission

Analisi e valorizzazione dello stock dell'Oreal Paris

Indice generale Introduzione Analisi stock terzisti Valutazione dei materiali a stock Analisi delle PLV uscite da Giugno 2004 a Luglio 2005 Classificazione ABC dei prodotti finiti Analisi di Pareto dei prodotti finiti Conclusion