The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers - vol. 1

This is the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers, edited from materials offered by the authors who responded to the editor’s invitation. The authors are listed alphabetically. The introduction contains a short history of neutrosophics, together with links to the main papers and books. Neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic precalculus, neutrosophic calculus and so on are gaining significant attention in solving many real life problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistent, and indeterminacy. In the past years the fields of neutrosophics have been extended and applied in various fields, such as: artificial intelligence, data mining, soft computing, decision making in incomplete / indeterminate / inconsistent information systems, image processing, computational modelling, robotics, medical diagnosis, biomedical engineering, investment problems, economic forecasting, social science, humanistic and practical achievements

Neutrosophic Statistics is an extension of Interval Statistics, while Plithogenic Statistics is the most general form of statistics (second version)

In this paper, we prove that Neutrosophic Statistics is more general than Interval Statistics, since it may deal with all types of indeterminacies (with respect to the data, inferential procedures, probability distributions, graphical representations, etc.), it allows the reduction of indeterminacy, and it uses the neutrosophic probability that is more general than imprecise and classical probabilities and has more detailed corresponding probability density functions. While Interval Statistics only deals with indeterminacy that can be represented by intervals. And we respond to the arguments by Woodall et al. [1]. We show that not all indeterminacies (uncertainties) may be represented by intervals. Also, in some cases, we should better use hesitant sets (that have less indeterminacy) instead of intervals. We redirect the authors to the Plithogenic Probability and Plithogenic Statistics which are the most general forms of MultiVariate Probability and Multivariate Statistics respectively (including, of course, the Imprecise Probability and Interval Statistics as subclasses)

La Estadística Neutrosófica es una extensión de la Estadística de Intervalos, mientras que la Estadística Plitogénica es la forma más general de estadística. (Cuarta versión). Neutrosophic Statistics is an extension of Interval Statistics, while Plitogenic Statistics is the most general form of statistics (Fourth version)

In this paper we show that Neutrosophic Statistics is an extension of Interval Statistics, since it deals with all kinds of indeterminacy (with respect to data, inferential procedures, probability distributions, graphical representations, etc.), allows for indeterminacy reduction, and uses neutrosophic probability which is more general than imprecise and classical probabilities, and has more detailed corresponding probability density functions. Whereas Interval Statistics only deals with indeterminacy that can be represented by intervals. And we respond to the arguments of Woodall et al [1]. We show that not all indeterminacies (uncertainties) can be represented by intervals. Moreover, in some applications, we should use hesitant sets (which have less indeterminacy) instead of intervals. We redirect the authors to Plitogenic Probability and Plitogenic Statistics which are the most general forms of Multivariate Probability and Multivariate Statistics respectively (including, of course, Imprecise Probability and Interval Statistics as subclasses)

Life cycle assessment applied to the sustainable design of prestressed bridges in coastal environment

Tesis por compendio[ES] La sostenibilidad ha ido adquiriendo una presencia relevante en nuestra sociedad desde su primera definición en 1987 por parte de la Comisión Brundtland. Desde entonces, la comunidad científica ha llevado a cabo importantes esfuerzos en el desarrollo de normativas, herramientas y criterios para lograr diseños en esa línea. A pesar de ello, estos esfuerzos no han sido suficientes para lograr trazar un futuro realmente sostenible a corto plazo. Como respuesta al estado actual e insuficiente de desarrollo, las Naciones Unidas han establecido recientemente los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, los cuales deben alcanzarse en 2030. En dichos Objetivos se atiende explícitamente al papel de las infraestructuras, que se revelan como elementos clave para asegurar la consecución de los mencionados Objetivos. Sin embargo, a pesar de las relevantes implicaciones del diseño de infraestructuras, y a pesar de que la mayoría de las infraestructuras están diseñadas para servir a un grupo significativo de personas durante un periodo intergeneracional de tiempo, el diseño sostenible y resiliente de infraestructuras todavía carece de una metodología estandarizada que considere sus ciclos de vida desde una perspectiva holística. En la actualidad, tanto las metodologías de evaluación del ciclo de vida ambiental como las económicas muestran un estado de desarrollo relativamente maduro. Sin embargo, la dimensión social todavía se considera en estado embrionario, comprometiendo por tanto el empleo de métodos de evaluación multidimensionales de la sostenibilidad. La presente tesis propone una metodología extendida basada en la norma ISO 14040 de enfoque puramente medioambiental para evaluar la sostenibilidad del ciclo de vida de las infraestructuras mediante la consideración simultánea y coherente de las tres dimensiones de la misma, a saber, el medio ambiente, la economía y la sociedad. Se propone aquí una nueva metodología para evaluar las infraestructuras desde la dimensión social, integrando al mismo tiempo dichas evaluaciones en un marco basado en la norma ISO 14040. A continuación, se aplica una técnica de toma de decisión multicriterio para integrar las tres perspectivas. Con el fin de tener en cuenta las incertidumbres no probabilísticas implicadas en la asignación de pesos al emplear dichas técnicas, se propone aquí un nuevo enfoque neutrosófico para la determinación de los pesos resultantes de la aplicación de la técnica AHP con grupos de decisores. Se ha considerado como caso de estudio el diseño sostenible de un puente de hormigón pretensado en un entorno costero para construir la metodología propuesta. El enfoque holístico en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de las infraestructuras se revela esencial frente a las habituales evaluaciones basadas únicamente en la consideración de la dimensión medioambiental. Se ha observado que el mantenimiento preventivo resulta más sostenible a lo largo del ciclo de vida en comparación con las estrategias de mantenimiento reactivo. Esta tesis proporciona una guía para el diseño sostenible de estructuras de hormigón, aunque la metodología sugerida puede aplicarse a cualquier tipo de infraestructura.[CA] La sostenibilitat ha anat adquirint una presència rellevant en la nostra societat des de la seva primera definició el 1987 per part de la Comissió Brundtland. Des de llavors, la comunitat científica ha dut a terme importants esforços en el desenvolupament de normatives, eines i criteris per aconseguir dissenys sostenibles. Tot i això, aquests esforços no han estat suficients per aconseguir traçar un futur realment sostenible a curt termini. Com a resposta a l'estat actual i insuficient de desenvolupament, les Nacions Unides han establert recentment els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible, els quals s'han d'assolir en 2030. En aquests Objectius s'atén explícitament al paper de les infraestructures, que es revelen com a elements clau per assegurar la consecució dels esmentats Objectius. No obstant això, tot i les rellevants implicacions del disseny d'infraestructures, i tot i que la majoria de les infraestructures estan dissenyades per servir a un grup significatiu de persones durant un període intergeneracional de temps, el disseny sostenible i resilient d'infraestructures encara no té una metodologia estandarditzada per determinar la seva sostenibilitat al llarg dels seus cicles de vida des d'una perspectiva holística. En l'actualitat, tant les metodologies d'avaluació del cicle de vida ambiental com les econòmiques mostren un estat de desenvolupament relativament madur. No obstant això, la dimensió social encara es considera en estat embrionari, comprometent per tant el desenvolupament de mètodes d'avaluació multidimensionals de la sostenibilitat. La present tesi proposa una metodologia basada en la norma ISO 14040 d'orientació mediambiental per avaluar la sostenibilitat del cicle de vida de les infraestructures mitjançant la consideració simultània i coherent de les tres dimensions de la sostenibilitat, és a dir, el medi ambient, l'economia i la societat. Es proposa aquí una nova metodologia per avaluar les infraestructures des de la dimensió social, integrant al mateix temps aquestes avaluacions en un marc basat en la norma ISO 14040. A continuació, s'aplica una tècnica de presa de decisió multicriteri per integrar les tres dimensions de la sostenibilitat. Per tal de tenir en compte les incerteses no probabilístiques implicades en l'assignació de pesos a l'emprar aquestes tècniques, es proposa aquí un nou enfocament neutrosófic per a la determinació dels pesos resultants de l'aplicació de la tècnica AHP amb grups de decisors. S'ha considerat com a cas d'estudi el disseny sostenible d'un pont de formigó pretesat en un entorn costaner per construir la metodologia proposada. L'enfocament holístic en l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat de les infraestructures es revela essencial en contrast a les habituals avaluacions de la sostenibilitat basades únicament en la consideració de la dimensió mediambiental. S'ha observat que el manteniment preventiu resulta en millors valors de rendiment de sostenibilitat del cicle de vida en comparació amb les estratègies de manteniment reactiu. Aquesta tesi proporciona una guia per al disseny sostenible d'estructures de formigó, encara que la metodologia sugerida pot aplicar-se a qualsevol tipus d'infraestructura.[EN] Sustainability has gained relevant presence in our society since its first definition in 1987 by the Brundtland Commission. Ever since, the scientific community has put significant efforts in the development of standards, tools and criteria to reach sustainable designs. Notwithstanding the above, such efforts have not been enough to outline a truly sustainable future in the short term. As a response to the actual, insufficient state of development, the United Nations have recently established the Sustainable Development Goals to be reached by 2030. In such Goals, explicit attention is paid to the role of infrastructures, which are revealed as key elements to ensure the achievement of the mentioned Goals. However, despite the relevant implications of infrastructure design, and despite the fact that most infrastructures are designed to serve a significant group of people over an intergenerational period of time, the design of sustainable and resilient infrastructures is still lacking of a standarised methodology to determine their sustainability along their life cycles from a holistic perspective. Currently, both the environmental and the economic life cycle assessment methodologies show a relatively mature state of development. However, the social dimension is still considered to be in an embryonic state, thus compromising the use of multidimensional sustainability assessment methods. The present thesis proposes an extended methodology based on the environmentally oriented ISO 14040 standard to evaluate the life cycle sustainability of infrastructures through the simultaneous and consistent consideration of the three dimensions of sustainability, namely environment, economy and society. A new methodology is suggested here so as to assess infrastructures from a social dimension, while integrating such assessments into an ISO 14040 based framework. A multi criteria decision making technique is then applied to integrate the three sustainability dimensions into one single assessment. So as to take into consideration the non-probabilistic uncertainties involved in subjective weighting techniques, a novel neutrosophic approach for group AHP weights determination is proposed here. The sustainable design of a prestressed concrete bridge in a coastal environment is assumed as a conducting case study on which to construct the proposed methodology. The holistic approach in the sustainability assessment of infrastructures reveals itself to be essential rather than the usually conducted sustainability assessments based on the sole consideration of the environmental dimension. It has been observed that preventive maintenance results in better life cycle sustainability performance values when compared with reactive maintenance strategies. This thesis provides a guide for the sustainable design of concrete structures, although the suggested methodology can be applied to any type of infrastructure.Navarro Martínez, IJ. (2019). Life cycle assessment applied to the sustainable design of prestressed bridges in coastal environment [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/134054TESISCompendi

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps

As extension of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps are now introduced the Neutrosophic Cognitive Map

New Foundation in the Sciences: Physics without sweeping infinities under the rug

It is widely known among the Frontiers of physics, that “sweeping under the rug” practice has been quite the norm rather than exception. In other words, the leading paradigms have strong tendency to be hailed as the only game in town. For example, renormalization group theory was hailed as cure in order to solve infinity problem in QED theory. For instance, a quote from Richard Feynman goes as follows: “What the three Nobel Prize winners did, in the words of Feynman, was to get rid of the infinities in the calculations. The infinities are still there, but now they can be skirted around . . . We have designed a method for sweeping them under the rug. [1] And Paul Dirac himself also wrote with similar tune: “Hence most physicists are very satisfied with the situation. They say: Quantum electrodynamics is a good theory, and we do not have to worry about it any more. I must say that I am very dissatisfied with the situation, because this so-called good theory does involve neglecting infinities which appear in its equations, neglecting them in an arbitrary way. This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small—not neglecting it just because it is infinitely great and you do not want it!”[2] Similarly, dark matter and dark energy were elevated as plausible way to solve the crisis in prevalent Big Bang cosmology. That is why we choose a theme here: New Foundations in the Sciences, in order to emphasize the necessity to introduce a new set of approaches in the Sciences, be it Physics, Cosmology, Consciousness etc

Collected Papers (on Neutrosophic Theory and Applications), Volume VIII

This eighth volume of Collected Papers includes 75 papers comprising 973 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2010-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 102 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 24 countries: Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Abduallah Gamal, Firoz Ahmad, Ahmad Yusuf Adhami, Ahmed B. Al-Nafee, Ali Hassan, Mumtaz Ali, Akbar Rezaei, Assia Bakali, Ayoub Bahnasse, Azeddine Elhassouny, Durga Banerjee, Romualdas Bausys, Mircea Boșcoianu, Traian Alexandru Buda, Bui Cong Cuong, Emilia Calefariu, Ahmet Çevik, Chang Su Kim, Victor Christianto, Dae Wan Kim, Daud Ahmad, Arindam Dey, Partha Pratim Dey, Mamouni Dhar, H. A. Elagamy, Ahmed K. Essa, Sudipta Gayen, Bibhas C. Giri, Daniela Gîfu, Noel Batista Hernández, Hojjatollah Farahani, Huda E. Khalid, Irfan Deli, Saeid Jafari, Tèmítópé Gbóláhàn Jaíyéolá, Sripati Jha, Sudan Jha, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Darjan Karabašević, M. Karthika, Kawther F. Alhasan, Giruta Kazakeviciute-Januskeviciene, Qaisar Khan, Kishore Kumar P K, Prem Kumar Singh, Ranjan Kumar, Maikel Leyva-Vázquez, Mahmoud Ismail, Tahir Mahmood, Hafsa Masood Malik, Mohammad Abobala, Mai Mohamed, Gunasekaran Manogaran, Seema Mehra, Kalyan Mondal, Mohamed Talea, Mullai Murugappan, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Aslam Malik, Muhammad Khalid Mahmood, Nivetha Martin, Durga Nagarajan, Nguyen Van Dinh, Nguyen Xuan Thao, Lewis Nkenyereya, Jagan M. Obbineni, M. Parimala, S. K. Patro, Peide Liu, Pham Hong Phong, Surapati Pramanik, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi, Quek Shio Gai, R. Radha, A.A. Salama, S. Satham Hussain, Mehmet Șahin, Said Broumi, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Selvaraj Ganesan, Shahbaz Ali, Shouzhen Zeng, Manjeet Singh, A. Stanis Arul Mary, Dragiša Stanujkić, Yusuf Șubaș, Rui-Pu Tan, Mirela Teodorescu, Selçuk Topal, Zenonas Turskis, Vakkas Uluçay, Norberto Valcárcel Izquierdo, V. Venkateswara Rao, Volkan Duran, Ying Li, Young Bae Jun, Wadei F. Al-Omeri, Jian-qiang Wang, Lihshing Leigh Wang, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas

Advances and Applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT), Vol. 1

The Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) of plausible and paradoxical reasoning is a natural extension of the classical Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) but includes fundamental differences with the DST. DSmT allows to formally combine any types of independent sources of information represented in term of belief functions, but is mainly focused on the fusion of uncertain, highly conflicting and imprecise quantitative or qualitative sources of evidence. DSmT is able to solve complex, static or dynamic fusion problems beyond the limits of the DST framework, especially when conflicts between sources become large and when the refinement of the frame of the problem under consideration becomes inaccessible because of vague, relative and imprecise nature of elements of it. DSmT is used in cybernetics, robotics, medicine, military, and other engineering applications where the fusion of sensors\u27 information is required