Reversed better-than-average effect in direct comparisons of nonsocial stimuli depends on the set size

Studies on direct comparative judgments typically show that, for items that are positively evaluated, a single item randomly drawn from a larger set of similar items tends to be judged as better than average (the BTA effect). However, Windschitl, Conybeare, and Krizan (2008) demonstrated that, under timing conditions that do not favor focusing attention on the single item, the reversal of the BTA effect occurs. We report two experiments showing that the magnitude of the reversed BTA effect increases as a function of the size of a multiitem referent with which a single item target is compared. Specifically, in direct comparative judgments of the attractiveness of positively evaluated objects (nice-looking cloth buttons, attractive buildings, or cupcakes), underestimation of the attractiveness of singletons, as compared with a multiitem set (reversed BTA effect), increased with the increased set size. Analysis of absolute judgments obtained for singletons and for small and large multiitem sets suggests that, for attractive stimuli, both the reversed BTA effect in comparative judgments and its sensitivity to set size occur as a result of a positive relationship between set size and perceived attractiveness in absolute judgments

Penerapan Akuntansi Biaya Bahan Baku dalam Proses Produksi pada PT. Putra Karangetang Minahasa Selatan

Manajemen Perusahaan manufaktur, dituntut untuk melaksanakan penyempurnaan aktivitas secara berkesinambungan, agar Perusahaan memiliki daya saing yang tinggi dalam jangka panjang. Hal ini mendorong pimpinan Perusahaan untuk merencanakan, mengendalikan, serta mengawasi setiap kegiatan yang dilakukan agar tujuan Perusahaan dapat tercapai. Objek penelitian ini yaitu PT. Putra Karangetang Minahasa Perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang industri bahan makanan berupa tepung kelapa sebagai produk utama. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan akuntansi biaya bahan baku dalam proses produksi telah dilakukan dengan benar. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif analisis. Dengan metode ini, data penelitian disusun,diinterpretasikan, dideskripsikan, dan dianalisis. Penelitian ini dibandingkan dengan kebijakan yang diterapkan Perusahaan jika Perusahaan menggunakan metode Economical Order Quantity (EOQ). Alat analisis data yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data penelitian ini meliputi kuantitas pemesanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perusahaan sebaiknya meninjau kembali kebijakan persediaan bahan baku yang selama ini telah dilakukan dan Perusahaan sebaiknya menentukan besarnya persediaan bahan baku dengan menggunakan economic order quantity untuk menghindari resiko kehabisan bahan baku dan juga kelebihan bahan baku sehingga dapat meminimalisasi biaya bahan baku bagi Perusahaan. Kata kunci: akuntansi, biaya bahan bak

Modeling and control of complex dynamic systems: Applied mathematical aspects

The concept of complex dynamic systems arises in many varieties, including the areas of energy generation, storage and distribution, ecosystems, gene regulation and health delivery, safety and security systems, telecommunications, transportation networks, and the rapidly emerging research topics seeking to understand and analyse. Such systems are often concurrent and distributed, because they have to react to various kinds of events, signals, and conditions. They may be characterized by a system with uncertainties, time delays, stochastic perturbations, hybrid dynamics, distributed dynamics, chaotic dynamics, and a large number of algebraic loops. This special issue provides a platform for researchers to report their recent results on various mathematical methods and techniques for modelling and control of complex dynamic systems and identifying critical issues and challenges for future investigation in this field. This special issue amazingly attracted one-hundred-and eighteen submissions, and twenty-eight of them are selected through a rigorous review procedure

Análisis y comparación de las propiedades psicométricas de una medida monoítem de la tensión laboral

En la literatura no se encuentran estudios que comparen las propiedades psicométricas de medidas monoítem y multiítem de un mismo constructo. Esto puede ser debido a que prevalece el criterio razonable de que es siempre más adecuado utilizar medidas multiítem. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar y comparar las propiedades psicométricas de una medida monoítem y tres medidas multiítem de la tensión laboral: el Job Related Tension Index de Kahn et al. (1964), el Anxiety Stress Questionnaire de House y Rizzo (1972) y el Cuestionario de Tensión T3/15, elaborado por Meliá et al. (1987) en nuestro contexto cultural. Se ha estudiado la validez convergente y de constructo de la medida monoítem, y se ha realizado un análisis factorial confirmatorio de las cuatro medidas de tensión mediante el programa LISREL VII, para comprobar el grado en que la varianza observada en cada una de ellas se debe a variabilidad en el constructo tensión laboral. La medida monoítem se ha revelado como una medida de la tensión que presenta una buena validez convergente y de constructo, al mismo tiempo que ha mostrado una alta fiabilidad, mayor incluso que la de otras medidas empleadas con frecuencia por los investigadores en el ámbito organizacional. This study replicates Espejo's (1993) research on the Job Anxiety Questionnaire's factorial structure in a multioccupational sample (n=142). Moreover, the psychometric properties of the hypothesized subscales have been studied. On the one hand, the results show that, in the current study, the hypothesized factor structure presents a lightly worse fit, to the observed data (RMSR = 0.114). On the other hand, the factor loadings in both studies show that the behavioral items are the most unstable. Finally, the results about internal consistency and construct validity are consistent with those reparted by Espejo (1993). Whereas internal consistency for the cognitive and physiological subscales is satisfactory in both studies, internal consistency for the behavioral subscale is moderate. Finally the correlation pattern found between the three subscales and some job-related variables as role conflict, role clarity and job satisfaction, is very similar to that obtained by Espejo. In all, these correlational results provide empirical support for the construct validity of the subscales

The negative effects of failed service recoveries

Research has shown that more than half of attempted recovery efforts fail, producing a "double deviation" effect. Surprisingly, these double deviation effects have received little attention in marketing literature. This paper examines what happens after these critical encounters, which behavior or set of behaviors the customers are prone to follow and how customers' perceptions of the firm's recovery efforts influence these behaviors. For the analysis of choice of the type of response (complaining, exit, complaining and exit, and no-switching), we estimate multinomial Logit models with random coefficients (RCL). The results of our study show that magnitude of service failure, explanations, apologies, perceived justice, angry and frustration felt by the customer, and satisfaction with service recovery have a significant effect on customers' choice of the type of response. Implications from the findings are offered. La investigación ha mostrado que más de la mitad de los intentos de recuperación tras el fallo de un servicio fracasan, lo que produce un efecto de "desviación doble". Sorprendentemente, estos efectos de desviación doble han recibido muy poca atención en la literatura de marketing. Este trabajo analiza qué ocurre tras estos encuentros críticos, ¿qué comportamiento o conjunto de comportamientos tienden a seguir lo clientes? y ¿cómo afectan a estos comportamientos las percepciones de los clientes acerca del problema y de los esfuerzos de recuperación de la empresa?. Para el análisis del tipo de respuesta (queja, abandono, queja y abandono, y no cambiar de entidad), estimamos modelos Logit multinomiales con coeficientes aleatorios (RCL). Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran que la magnitud del fallo inicial, las explicaciones y disculpas recibidas tras el mismo, la justicia percibida en la gestión de la queja, la frustración y el enfado que siente el cliente y la satisfacción con el proceso de recuperación, tienen un efecto significativo en la elección de los clientes del tipo de respuesta de queja. Finalmente, se ofrecen implicaciones para la gestión.desviación doble, comportamiento de queja del consumidor, modelos Logit multinomiales con coeficientes aleatorios (RCL), recuperación del servicio. Double deviations, consumer complaining behavior (CCB), multinomial logit models with random coefficients (RCL), service recovery.

Item Wording and Internal Consistency of a Measure of Cohesion: The Group Environment Questionnaire

A common practice for counteracting response acquiescence in psychological measures has been to employ both negatively and positively worded items. However, previous research has highlighted that the reliability of measures can be affected by this practice (Spector, 1992). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect that the presence of negatively worded items has on the internal reliability of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Two samples (N = 276) were utilized, and participants were asked to complete the GEQ (original and revised) on separate occasions. Results demonstrated that the revised questionnaire (containing all positively worded items) had significantly higher Cronbach α values for three of the four dimensions of the GEQ. Implications, alternatives, and future directions are discussed

Mixed integer programming in production planning with backlogging and setup carryover : modeling and algorithms

This paper proposes a mixed integer programming formulation for modeling the capacitated multi-level lot sizing problem with both backlogging and setup carryover. Based on the model formulation, a progressive time-oriented decomposition heuristic framework is then proposed, where improvement and construction heuristics are effectively combined, therefore efficiently avoiding the weaknesses associated with the one-time decisions made by other classical time-oriented decomposition algorithms. Computational results show that the proposed optimization framework provides competitive solutions within a reasonable time

Моделирование таймерных сигналов МВК с заданными параметрами

Проводится анализ методов построения моделей таймерных сигналов с заданными параметрами и преобразователь кода многопозиционного временного кода.The analysis of methods of construction of models timer's signals with the set parameters and code converters a multiitem time code (MTC) is spent

Manajemen Distribusi Dengan Join Shipment Model Pada Mobil Toyota

A distribution process the company should be managed with as much as possible, so that the company gets a higher profit. One is in terms of distribution. AUTO2000 which is the main dealer of Toyota cars in South Sumatra have stock problems, it can be seen from the number of cars Toyota inventory at the end of the year and also a shortage of inventory at certain dealers at the moment there are buyers who want to buy. In addition, from the observation AUTO2000 to pay for distribution to branch - the branch in 2012 about Rp 3.568.500.000,00. Therefore AUTO2000 management should have a good distribution management so as to increase the sales and distribution costs also occur. Distribution management is done by using a forecasting system and the weight percentage. With this approach, the cars that will be allocated to each dealer will be aligned with consumer demand in each individual dealer to excess even shortages at the end of the year can be minimize. To reduce the cost of distribution is the approach taken by applying a known model or a joint shipment with Economical Shipment Quantity (ESQ). ESQ By applying to a car dealer in the distribution branch in AUTO2000 cost saving can be up to Rp. 79.456.405.00. within one year. By applying this method will certainly have a positive effect AUTO2000 that can be distribution costs can be minimized in order to increase profits for the company

Auotmatic detection, consistent mapping, and training

Results from two experiments showed that a flat display﷓size function was found under the consistent mapping (CM) condition despite the facts that there was no extensive CM training and that the stimulus﷓response (S﷓R) consistency was only an intrasession manipulation. A confounding factor might be responsible for the fact that the consistent and the varied S﷓R mapping conditions gave rise to different display﷓size functions in Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) study. Their claim that automatic detection and controlled search are qualitatively different is also discussed