3 research outputs found

    Retrieval of ice temperature from satellite measurements over the Arctic Ocean based on the machine learning

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์†๋ณ‘์ฃผ.๋ถ๊ทน ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ค‘์œ„๋„ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋น™ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์—ฐ์ง ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด๋น™ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ถ€์ด ๊ด€์ธก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋ถ๊ทน ํ•ด๋น™ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ง ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1K ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ ์˜ค์ฐจ, 0.1K ์ดํ•˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ํŽธ์ฐจ, 0.95 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 15๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋ถ๊ทน ํ•ด๋น™ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ํ•ด๋น™ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์„ค๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด๋น™ ์—ฐ์ง ์˜จ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—ด ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ ํ•ด ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์—ด ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทน ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—ด ์  ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์—ด ์†์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3.102K์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ ์˜ค์ฐจ, 0.872์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.Due to rapid decline of arctic sea ice, much research is being conducted on this. Changes in Arctic sea ice are an important factor in climate research as they affect mid-latitude climate. The sea ice prediction model uses the vertical temperature distribution of sea ice as the initial input data, but the limited observational data is not sufficient to provide the real-time temperature of the entire sea ice. In this study, using a passive microwave sensor and buoy observation data, an artificial neural network model is used to calculate the vertical temperature distribution over the entire arctic sea ice in winter. As a result of validation, the model showed Rยฒof 0.96-0.97 and RMSE of 0.87-1.68. The vertical temperature distribution throughout the arctic sea ice for 15 years from 2002 was calculated using the ANN model. The calculated sea ice temperature shows a high-temperature distribution near the central arctic sea ice which seems to be the effect of the thermal insulation effect due to a large amount of snowfall in this area. From the simulated temperature, the heat content of the central arctic sea ice was calculated and tended to decrease. The vertical temperature distribution can improve the study of polar arctic thermal cycling studies. In addition, the temperature inside the snow was calculated using the heat flux equation of sea ice. As result of verification through buoy, the snow temperature was calculated within a statistically significant error range.์ดˆ ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ…ฑ List of Figure โ…ฒ List of Table โ…ด 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 2.1. ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ 5 2.1.1. AMSR-2 & AMSR-E 5 2.1.2. CRREL IMB 7 2.2. PIOMAS 7 2.3. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 3. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 12 3.1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 12 3.2. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 13 3.2.1. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 13 3.2.2. ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์—ด ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ (Heat Contents) 15 3.2.3. ๋ˆˆ ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 16 3.2.4. Kilic et al. (2019) ๋ˆˆ-ํ•ด๋น™ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„(SIIT) 17 4 ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20 4.1. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 20 4.1.1. k-fold Cross Validation 20 4.1.2. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 23 3.2. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 4.2.1. ๋ถ€์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ 26 4.2.2. ๋ถ๊ทน ํ•ด๋น™ ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 30 4.2.3. ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์—ด ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 34 4.2.4. ๋ˆˆ ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 39 5 ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  43 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 45 Abstract 51Maste

    Understanding the mechanism of the ice top temperature rise over the Arctic

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ์†๋ณ‘์ฃผ.๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„๊ฐ„(1988-2017) ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์Šน ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋‚˜ ์ง€์ƒ 2 m ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ๊ทนํ•ด 5๊ฐœ ์˜์—ญ(๋žํ…Œํ”„ํ•ด, ๋™์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ•ด, ์ฒ™์น˜ํ•ด, ๋ณดํผํŠธํ•ด, ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ํ•ด)์˜ ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณดํผํŠธํ•ด์™€ ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ํ•ด์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•ด๋น™์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋…„๋น™์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ผ์Œ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž, ๋ˆˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ํฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์–ผ์Œ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšŒ๊ท€์‹์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋ณดํผํŠธํ•ด ๋ฐ ๋ถ๊ทน ์ค‘์•™ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.The ice top temperature in the Arctic winter has risen sharply over the past 30 years (1988-2017), and the pattern of the trend is found to be different from that shown in the surface or 2 m air temperature. In this study, we analyzed characteristics of the tendencies of ice top temperature and thickness variation over five regions (Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Central Arctic Ocean), assuming that this rapid temperature rise and its spatial distribution are closely related to the thickness change of sea ice. As a result, the temperature increase was large at low temperature in the early period, and thickness decreased significantly in thick ice area, giving a high negative correlation. Such tendency of two variables is evident in the Beaufort Sea and the Central Arctic Ocean, and it appears to be associated with the fact that sea ice in this region is mainly composed of multiyear sea ice. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to diagnose how much of the ice top temperature rise was contributed by ice thickness change. Results indicate that ice top temperature rise is largely due to ice thickness decrease in the region where ice top temperature rise is large, with relatively larger explained variance in the multivariable regression. By contrast, moderate or weak contribution of sea ice thickness change to ice top temperature is noted in thinner fresh-year sea ice area. In conclusion, the temperature rise in the upper part of sea ice is strongly associated with decreased sea ice thickness, in particular, compared with the contribution by surface air or surface skin temperature rise.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์ž ๋ฃŒ 7 2.1. ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 7 2.1.1. AMSR-E 7 2.1.2. SSM/I and SSMIS 8 2.1.3. ERA-Interim 10 2.2. PIOMAS 11 2.3. AASTI 13 2.4. Sea Ice Age 14 3. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 15 3.1. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 15 3.1.1. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 15 3.1.2. ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํŽธ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋ฅ , ๊ตด์ ˆ์ง€์ˆ˜, ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 17 3.1.3. 6.925 GHz ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋ฅ  18 3.1.4. ๋ณด์ •์ธ์ž( )๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ SSM/I ์ฑ„๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 21 3.1.5. ์˜จ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 22 3.2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 3.2.1. ๋ถ„์„ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ณ€ํ™˜ 24 3.2.2. ๋‹ค๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ 26 4. ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 28 4.1. ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์–ผ์Œ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 28 4.1.1. ๋ถ๊ทน ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ 28 4.1.2. ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 34 4.1.3. ๋‹จ๋…„๋น™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋…„๋น™ 40 4.2. ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ƒ์Šน ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 47 4.2.1. ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ 47 4.2.2. ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  52 4.2.3. ํ•ด๋น™์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  58 5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  64 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 71Maste

    Long-Term Arctic Snow/Ice Interface Temperature from Special Sensor for Microwave Imager Measurements

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    The Arctic sea ice region is the most visible area experiencing global warming-induced climate change. However, long-term measurements of climate-related variables have been limited to a small number of variables such as the sea ice concentration, extent, and area. In this study, we attempt to produce a long-term temperature record for the Arctic sea ice region using Special Sensor for Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) data. For that, we developed an algorithm to retrieve the wintertime snow/ice interface temperature (SIIT) over the Arctic Ocean by counting the effect of the snow/ice volume scattering and ice surface roughness on the apparent emissivity (the total effect is referred to as the correction factor). A regression equation was devised to predict the correction factor from SSM/I brightness temperatures (TBs) only and then applied to SSM/I 19.4 GHz TB to estimate the SIIT. The obtained temperatures were validated against collocated Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) ice mass balance (IMB) drifting buoy-measured temperatures at zero ice depth. It is shown that the SSM/I retrievals are in good agreement with the drifting buoy measurements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95, bias of 0.1 K, and root-mean-square error of 1.48 K on a daily time scale. By applying the algorithm to 24-year (1988⁻2011) SSM/I FCDR data, we were able to produce the winter-time temperature at the sea ice surface for the 24-year period
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