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    Arc-disjoint in- and out-branchings rooted at the same vertex in compositions of digraphs

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    A digraph D=(V,A)D=(V, A) has a good pair at a vertex rr if DD has a pair of arc-disjoint in- and out-branchings rooted at rr. Let TT be a digraph with tt vertices u1,…,utu_1,\dots , u_t and let H1,…HtH_1,\dots H_t be digraphs such that HiH_i has vertices ui,ji,Β 1≀ji≀ni.u_{i,j_i},\ 1\le j_i\le n_i. Then the composition Q=T[H1,…,Ht]Q=T[H_1,\dots , H_t] is a digraph with vertex set {ui,ji∣1≀i≀t,1≀ji≀ni}\{u_{i,j_i}\mid 1\le i\le t, 1\le j_i\le n_i\} and arc set A(Q)=βˆͺi=1tA(Hi)βˆͺ{uijiupqp∣uiup∈A(T),1≀ji≀ni,1≀qp≀np}.A(Q)=\cup^t_{i=1}A(H_i)\cup \{u_{ij_i}u_{pq_p}\mid u_iu_p\in A(T), 1\le j_i\le n_i, 1\le q_p\le n_p\}. When TT is arbitrary, we obtain the following result: every strong digraph composition QQ in which niβ‰₯2n_i\ge 2 for every 1≀i≀t1\leq i\leq t, has a good pair at every vertex of Q.Q. The condition of niβ‰₯2n_i\ge 2 in this result cannot be relaxed. When TT is semicomplete, we characterize semicomplete compositions with a good pair, which generalizes the corresponding characterization by Bang-Jensen and Huang (J. Graph Theory, 1995) for quasi-transitive digraphs. As a result, we can decide in polynomial time whether a given semicomplete composition has a good pair rooted at a given vertex
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