Polish-Russian Economic Relations Under the Conditions of System Transformation

The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, has found the region's countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market

Characteristics of soil cover in Poland with special attention paid to the Łódź region

Published in: Natural environment of Poland and its protection in Łódź University Geographical Research, edited by E. Kobojek and T.MarszałThe vast majority (as much as 92%) of soil resources in Poland occur in lowlands and uplands, and only 8% of the area of Poland has the characteristics of mountain soils. Nearly a half (46%) of soils in Poland is created of sandy formations of various origins – usually with a slightly acidic pH. Soils of the Łódź region were mainly formed from sands, and to a lesser degree from clays, silts and organogenic formations. Brown, lessive, podzolic and rusty soils dominate here. Chernozems, fensoils, organogenic soils (peat, muck and silt soils) and rendzinas are also present. Owing to their sandy grain-size composition, they are most often light and very light for cultivation. Most soils are acidified. Socioeconomic and natural conditions have determined the utilisation structure of soils in the Łódź region, where arable lands constitute 60% of the area and grasslands – less than 10%

Regional development of districts in the Lesser Poland Voivodship

Purpose of the article: Regional development includes qualitative changes in economy (e.g. in production, investments, employment) as well as qualitative changes (regarding the structure of economy and society, changes in the environment). The research of regional development is important and necessary in order to make appropriate decisions at the regional and local level. The main purpose of the article is comparative analysis of districts in the Lesser Poland Voivodship in the area of economic, social and ecological development. Scientific aim: The scientific aims of paper are verifying the hypothesis concerning eco-development and forecasting the level of regional development in districts of Lesser Poland Voivodship. Methodology/methods: In the research of regional development the quality index of economic, social and ecological development has been proposed which has been calculated on the basis of a certain aggregation of the results of the Principal Component Analysis made on the correlation matrix of standardised variables being the components of the index. Forecasts of the regional development level in districts were calculated with the use of different econometric models as linear model, exponential model, or power model. Findings: The findings prove that the Lesser Poland Voivodship is characterised by considerable disproportions in regional development. The most favourable conditions for economic and social development are in the districts with large city agglomerations as well as extensive municipality infrastructure and transport infrastructure. The presented results demonstrate that the majority of districts have not exhibited a constant tendency to changes in the positions in successive ranking lists in terms of the economic, social and ecological development. The positions occupied by most districts are generally stable and have not changed considerably in the examined period. Conclusions: The research has confirmed the negative interdependence between the level of socioeconomic development and ecological development. Thus, it was not possible to verify positively the concept of eco-development expressed in keeping balance between the economic, social and ecological system

Poland: Fertility decline as a response to profound societal and labour market changes?

This article opens with a review of the main trends in family-related behaviour, i.e. fertility decline and changes in fertility patterns, a decreasing propensity to marry, postponement of marriage, and a slowly increasing frequency of divorces and separations. The analysis takes into account urban and rural differences. We then aim to identify the main determinants of family changes within the general conceptual framework of the Second Democratic Transition (SDT) in Poland. However, contrary to mainstream interpretations of the SDT, the main emphasis of this study is on the structural components of change, which need to be reformulated to account for processes specific to the transition to a market economy. The focus is, therefore, on labour market developments and family policy, and to a lesser extent on ideational change.childbearing, Europe, fertility, fertility decline, Poland

The views of student-results of the survey

In 2010, We have conducted a survey among the students of the Institute of Political Science at the University of Education in Krakow (Poland). Students of all years and disciplines were included (political science, public administration, international relations), and all types of studies (full-time, weekend-time), that are given at the Institute of Political Science Students from places where university teaches them only on weekends are also represented, from places where university teach students only on weekends: Tarnów, Limanowa and Koczanowa (Lesser Poland Region). When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3126

Mobile behaviors of generation C in the local labor Market: A case study of Poland and Russia

Rozdział z: Functioning of the Local Production Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries and Siberia. Case Studies and Comparative Studies, ed. Mariusz E. Sokołowicz.The article discusses issues related to the mobile behavior of the young generation (generation C) in the labor market. This subject is relevant and important especially in the context of ongoing changes in the unit functioning on heterogeneous labor market. The purpose of this article is therefore to identify the understanding of mobile behaviors by generation C and to answer the question of whether this generation identifies these behaviors with obtaining a competitive advantage in todayʼs job market. This article will present the results of the research carried out on the selected representatives of the generation C on the territory of Poland, a country belonging to the European Union, and Russia, the largest country in the world. The choice of countries was purposeful because of the different macroeconomic conditions and geographical location.Monograph financed under a contract of execution of the international scientific project within 7th Framework Programme of the European Union, co-financed by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (title: “Functioning of the Local Production Systems in the Conditions of Economic Crisis (Comparative Analysis and Benchmarking for the EU and Beyond”)). Monografia sfinansowana w oparciu o umowę o wykonanie projektu między narodowego w ramach 7. Programu Ramowego UE, współfinansowanego ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (tytuł projektu: „Funkcjonowanie lokalnych systemów produkcyjnych w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego (analiza porównawcza i benchmarking w wybranych krajach UE oraz krajach trzecich”))

Pattern of Post-Juvenile Moult in Common Snipe (Gallinago Gallinago) and Its Implications for Ageing of the Species

External ageing of Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) still engenders considerable problems. To improve precision of age determination on the basis of plumage characteristics a scheme of post-juvenile moult was investigated in approximately 1200 first-year Common Snipes caught during autumn migration in central Poland. Post-juvenile moult was commenced from body feathers followed by moult of rectrices, lesser/median wing coverts and tertials. Moult sequence showed high inter-individual variability and was started in rectrices (36.9%), wing coverts (25.3%), tertials (8.4%) or simultaneously in several of these tracts of feathers (29.4%). Moult of rectrices was finished before completion of moult of wing coverts and tertials. Moult of tertials finished as the last from all age-indicative tracts of feathers. Consequently, tertials were suggested as the most useful for ageing of first-year Common Snipes in an advanced stage of moult. There was no case of moult of the outermost tertial in first-year birds. The second tertial from distal side of wing was moulted as the last one within this tract of feathers and thereby should be of special interest during plumage examination