The Scope of Open Licenses in Cultural Contents Production and Distribution

This paper aims to explore the impact of ex-ante legal status of creator on ex-post open license choice. It first describes the emergents Creative Commons licenses in Open Cultural Contents production and distribution. It introduces the two open models of diffusion and production, followed by creators. It orders the licenses according with their degree of openness in production as well as in diffusion. Then the paper presents an empirical analysis of the impact of legal status of creators on open license choice using an original database of video under Creative Commons licenses, created from the Internet Archive. The results show the existence of two models, Open Diffusion model and Open Production, that the creator has to balance when he/she decides the license. The results also show that in order to obtain benefit from the community, the For-Profit actors are more likely to adopt a high degree of openness in license.Open Production, Open Diffusion, Creative Commons, Open Licenses, Extrinsic, Intrinsic, Monetary, Non-Monetary, Motivations, Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, Common Goods, Digital Goods, For-Profit, Non-Profit

Current legal and institutional issues in the commercialization of phosphoric acid fuel cells

Legal and institutional factors affecting the development and commercial diffusion of phosphoric acid fuel cells are assessed. Issues for future research and action are suggested. Perceived barriers and potential opportunities for fuel cells in central and dispersed utility operations and on-site applications are reviewed, as well as the general concept of commercialization as applied to emerging energy technologies

Narratives of social inclusion in the context of Roma school segregation

Despite a series of judgements from the European Court of Human Rights and the enactment of the EU Racial Equality Directive, the educational segregation of Roma pupils persists in several European states. State action plans submitted pursuant to the European Framework for Roma Integration rarely provide clear targets and do not commit to inclusive schooling. Taking education as a principle indicator of social inclusion, this article identifies that structural inequality and entrenched discriminatory attitudes are the main obstacles to Roma inclusion. This can only be addressed through the diffusion of legal and social norms that mainstream equality. Focusing on the legal obligations, it is argued that the European Commission must be more decisive and effective in the enforcement of non-discrimination rules. A closer dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the EU institutions, grounded in a non-targeted social inclusion frame, could provide a platform for European consensus which may help to secure meaningful change

Explaining the lack of dynamics in the diffusion of small stationary fuel cells

Using the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to water in order to produce electricity and heat, promises a high electrical efficiency even in small devices which can be installed close to the consumer. This approach seems to be an impressive idea to contribute to a viable future energy supply under the restrictions of climate change policy. Major reasons currently hampering the diffusion of such technologies for house energy supply in Germany are analysed in this paper. The barriers revealed, include high production costs as well as economic and legal obstacles for installing the devices so that they can be operated in competition to central power plants, beside others in tenancies.fuel cell, diffusion processes, valuation of environmental effects, technological innovation

Renewables and Innovation - Empirical Assessment and Theoretical Considerations

This study is about structural change in the energy system. In a first step an econometric model is presented and in a second step diffusion of GTs is embedded theoretically. By focusing on different green technology industries (GT sector) in Germany, we analyze how policy induced demand stimulates innovation. Taking the size of the market as a proxy for demand and patent counts as a proxy for innovation, we find support that the presence of institutions enabling diffusion of GTs are correlated with innovative activity. Public R&D expenditures also play a significant role. We additionally control for a structural break by comparing the two institutional settings incorporated into the legal system in Germany, namely the Stromeinspeisegesetz (SEG) and the Erneuerbare Energiengesetz (EEG). We cannot find support for the supposition that innovative activity significantly differs for diffusion under the SEG and EEG. The empirical findings also show that electricity prices are not the driving force for innovative activity within the GT sector. The discussion at the end of the paper comes to the result that diffusion of GTs - under the EEG - is difficult to be justified theoretically.Renewable Energies, Demand Pull, Structural Change

An inter-disciplinary methodology for researching benefit-sharing as a norm diffusing in global environmental law

This paper proposes a methodology for an interdisciplinary, empirical enquiry into the diffusion of the legal concept of ‘benefit-sharing’. The paper draws together accounts of norm diffusion from sociology, international relations and law to devise a theoretical approach for the empirical research of global environmental law. Against this background, the paper explores the usefulness of process-tracing, the relevance of frames and the need for a participatory action research approach for a research project focused on benefit-sharing as a tool to operationalize equity among and within States

Open Access: principali ostacoli per un'ampia diffusione in Italia

This article considers the main (not only legal) obstacles to a large diffusion of Open Access in Ital

Диффузия предмета права

DIFFUSION OF THE SUBJECT OF LAW S. KOZHUSHKO, I. GHALIAHMETOVИсследуется диффузия как правовое явление с целью обнаружения закономерностей взаимопроникновения общественно-правовых теорий в науку трудового и муниципального права. Единство предмета правового регулирования как социальной системы (однотипность его определения) позволяет говорить и об известном единстве отраслей права, которые выступают как самостоятельные институционально-функциональные совокупности норм публично-правового и частноправового разветвления отдельно взятой национальной правовой системы. Научное познание предмета права носит прогрессивный характер, при этом основополагающей является гуманистическая мировоззренческая ориентация в современном глобализованном мире. Правовое явление диффузии предмета права, даже если предположить, что происходит смещение предмета права и наступает энтропия, заимствует удачно сформулированные и эффективные нормы права, чем способствует переформатированию общественных отношений и расширению юридического пространства.=The article is devoted to the study of diffusion, as a legal phenomenon, with the aim of discovering the problematic patterns of the laws of interpenetration of social and legal theories in the science of labour and municipal law. The unity of the subject of legal regulation as a social system (the uniformity of its definition) allows us to speak about the well-known unity of the branches of law that acts as independent institutional and functional sets of norms for public-legal and private-law branching of a single national legal system. Scientific knowledge of the subject of law has a progressive character, while the fundamental is the humanistic ideological orientation in the modern globalized world. The legal phenomenon of the diffusion of the subject of law, even if it is assumed that there is a shift of the subject of law and entropy is coming, borrows successfully formulated and effective norms of law, which facilitates the reformatting of public relations and the expansion of the legal space

R&D spillovers through student flows, institutions, and economic growth: What can we learn from African countries?

Using modern panel cointegration estimation techniques, this paper examines whether tertiary student flows can effectively transmit technological knowledge from industrialized countries to African countries. The results obtained lend strong support to this hypothesis. In addition, this paper extends the analysis to include institutional variables such as the ease of doing business, legal origins, and religious majority in order to see if institutional characteristics affect the way knowledge diffusion affecting total factor productivity. However, it is not clear that institutional differences are important factors that influence the degree of R&D spillovers and, hence, the total factor productivity of African countries.