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    Learning inverse dynamics for redundant manipulator control

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    ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ

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    Одной ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ соврСмСнной Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ² для выполнСния Ρ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ опасных Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π±Π΅Π· нСпосрСдствСнного участия Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. НСсмотря Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ искусствСнного ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°, Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ робототСхничСскиС систСмы Π½Π΅ способны Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ слоТных Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ Π² динамичСской срСдС. НаиболСС пСрспСктивными для примСнСния Π² блиТайшСС врСмя ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹, Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ управлСния, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ присутствиС ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ управлСния построСн Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅ двиТСния ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ находящСгося ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… сигналов для ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Для управлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ слСдящиС систСмы ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ систСмы Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния. БлСдящиС систСмы Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ просты, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ систСмы Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ большСй плавности двиТСния ΠΈ мСньшСго износа Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° управлСния. Для Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ управлСния Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния вводится искусствСнная Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ двиТСниями ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° управлСния для накоплСния Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. ЦСль исслСдования β€” устранСниС Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ манипулятора Π½Π° основС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ управлСния Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ для планирования двиТСния Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. На основС ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ряды ΠΈ выполняСтся ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ двиТСния Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ манипулятора ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ осущСствляСтся ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ рСгрСссии, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡƒΡŽ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ для Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ систСмы Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ матСматичСский Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ позволяСт Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² прогнозирования ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… допустимых ускорСний двиТСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² манипулятора Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ошибки прогнозирования Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ двиТСния Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ программная симуляция Π² срСдС Matlab ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ тСорСтичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ максимального значСния ошибки прогнозирования, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

    ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ

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    The most important task of modern robotics is the development of robots to perform the work in potentially dangerous fields which can cause the risk to human health. Currently robotic systems can not become a full replacement for man for solving complex problems in a dynamic environment despite an active development of artificial intelligence technologies. The robots that implement the copying type of control or the so-called virtual presence of the operator are the most advanced for use in the nearest future. The principle of copying control is based on the motion capture of the remote operator and the formation of control signals for the robot’s drives. A tracking system or systems based on movement planning can be used to control the drives. The tracking systems are simpler, but systems based on motion planning allow to achieve more smooth motion and less wear on the parts of the control object. An artificial delay between the movements of the operator and the control object for necessary data collection  is used  to implement the control-based motion planning. The aim of research is a reduction of delay, which appears when controlling the anthropomorphic manipulator drives based on the solution of the inverse dynamic problem, when real time copying type of control is used . For motion path planning it is proposed to use forecast values of the generalized coordinates for manipulator. Based on the measured values of the generalized coordinates of the operator's hand, time series are formed and their prediction is performed. Predictive values of generalized coordinates are used in planning the anthropomorphic manipulator trajectory and solving the inverse dynamic problem. Prediction is based on linear regression with relatively low computational complexity, which is an important criterion for the system operation in the real time operation mode. The developed mathematical apparatus, based on prediction parameters and maximum permissible accelerations of the manipulator drives, allows to find a theoretical estimate of error values limits for planning the operator's hand trajectory using the proposed approach for specific tasks. The adequacy of the maximum theoretical value of the prediction error, as well as the prospects of the proposed approach for testing in practice is confirmed by the software simulation in Matlab environment.Одной ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ соврСмСнной Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ² для выполнСния Ρ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ опасных Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π±Π΅Π· нСпосрСдствСнного участия Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. НСсмотря Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ искусствСнного ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°, Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ робототСхничСскиС систСмы Π½Π΅ способны Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ слоТных Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ Π² динамичСской срСдС. НаиболСС пСрспСктивными для примСнСния Π² блиТайшСС врСмя ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹, Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ управлСния, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ присутствиС ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ управлСния построСн Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π΅ двиТСния ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ находящСгося ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… сигналов для ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Для управлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ слСдящиС систСмы ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ систСмы Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния. БлСдящиС систСмы Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ просты, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ систСмы Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ большСй плавности двиТСния ΠΈ мСньшСго износа Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° управлСния. Для Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ управлСния Π½Π° основС планирования двиТСния вводится искусствСнная Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ двиТСниями ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° управлСния для накоплСния Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…. ЦСль исслСдования β€” устранСниС Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ манипулятора Π½Π° основС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ управлСния Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ для планирования двиТСния Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. На основС ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ряды ΠΈ выполняСтся ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ двиТСния Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ манипулятора ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ осущСствляСтся ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ рСгрСссии, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡƒΡŽ Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ являСтся Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ для Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ систСмы Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ матСматичСский Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ позволяСт Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² прогнозирования ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… допустимых ускорСний двиТСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² манипулятора Π½Π°ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ошибки прогнозирования Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ двиТСния Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ программная симуляция Π² срСдС Matlab ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ тСорСтичСской ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ максимального значСния ошибки прогнозирования, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅

    Training Gaussian Process Regression Models Using Optimized Trajectories

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    Quadrotor helicopters and robot manipulators are used widely for both research and industrial applications. Both quadrotors and manipulators are difficult to model. Quadrotors have complex dynamic models, especially at high speeds. Obtaining an accurate model of manipulator dynamics is often difficult, due to inaccurate values for link parameters and dynamics such as friction which are difficult to model accurately. Supervised learning methods such as Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) have been used to learn the inverse dynamics of a system. These methods can estimate a dynamic model from experimental data without requiring the structure of the model to be known, and can be used online to update the model if the system changes over time. This approach has been used to learn the inverse dynamics of a manipulator, but has not yet been applied to quadrotors. In addition, collecting training data for supervised learning can be difficult and time consuming, and poor or inadequate training data may result in an inaccurate model. Another problem frequently encountered when using GPR to learn the model of a system is the large computational cost of using GPR. A number of sparse approximations of GPR exist to deal with this issue, but it is not clear which sparse approximation results in the best performance, particularly when training data is being added incrementally. This thesis proposes a method for systematically collecting training data for a GPR model. The trajectory used to collect training data is parameterized, and the parameters are optimized to maximize the GPR variance over the trajectory. This approach is tested both in simulation and experimentally for a quadrotor, and in experiments on a 4-DOF manipulator. Optimizing the training trajectories is shown to reduce the amount of training data required to learn the model of a system. The thesis also compares three sparse approximations of GPR: the dictionary approach, Sparse Spectrum GPR (SSGP) and simple downsampling of the training data to reduce the size of the training data set. Using a dictionary is found to provide the best performance, even when the dictionary contains a very small subset of the available data. Finally, all GPR models have hyperparameters, which have a significant impact on the prediction made by the GP model. Training these hyperparameters is important for getting accurate predictions. This thesis evaluates different methods of hyperparameter training on a 4-DOF manipulator to determine the most effective method of training the hyperparameters. For SSGP, the best hyperparameter training strategy is to reinitialize and train the hyperparameters after each trajectory. SSGP is also observed to be highly sensitive to the number of iterations of gradient descent used in hyperparameter training; too many iterations of gradient descent leads to overfitting and poor predictions. When using a dictionary, the best hyperparameter training method is to retrain the hyperparameters after each trajectory, using the previous hyperparameters as the initial starting point

    Path Following for Robot Manipulators Using Gyroscopic Forces

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    This thesis deals with the path following problem the objective of which is to make the end effector of a robot manipulator trace a desired path while maintaining a desired orientation. The fact that the pose of the end effector is described in the task space while the control inputs are in the joint space presents difficulties to the movement coordination. Typically, one needs to perform inverse kinematics in path planning and inverse dynamics in movement execution. However, the former can be ill-posed in the presence of redundancy and singularities, and the latter relies on accurate models of the manipulator system which are often difficult to obtain. This thesis presents an alternative control scheme that is directly formulated in the task space and is free of inverse transformations. As a result, it is especially suitable for operations in a dynamic environment that may require online adjustment of the task objective. The proposed strategy uses the transpose Jacobian control (or potential energy shaping) as the base controller to ensure the convergence of the end effector pose, and adds a gyroscopic force to steer the motion. Gyroscopic forces are a special type of force that does not change the mechanical energy of the system, so its addition to the base controller does not affect the stability of the controlled mechanical system. In this thesis, we emphasize the fact that the gyroscopic force can be effectively used to control the pose of the end effector during motion. We start with the case where only the position of the end effector is of interest, and extend the technique to the control over both position and orientation. Simulation and experimental results using planar manipulators as well as anthropomorphic arms are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller
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