49,523 research outputs found
Crowdsourcing in Computer Vision
Computer vision systems require large amounts of manually annotated data to
properly learn challenging visual concepts. Crowdsourcing platforms offer an
inexpensive method to capture human knowledge and understanding, for a vast
number of visual perception tasks. In this survey, we describe the types of
annotations computer vision researchers have collected using crowdsourcing, and
how they have ensured that this data is of high quality while annotation effort
is minimized. We begin by discussing data collection on both classic (e.g.,
object recognition) and recent (e.g., visual story-telling) vision tasks. We
then summarize key design decisions for creating effective data collection
interfaces and workflows, and present strategies for intelligently selecting
the most important data instances to annotate. Finally, we conclude with some
thoughts on the future of crowdsourcing in computer vision.Comment: A 69-page meta review of the field, Foundations and Trends in
Computer Graphics and Vision, 201
Relative Comparison Kernel Learning with Auxiliary Kernels
In this work we consider the problem of learning a positive semidefinite
kernel matrix from relative comparisons of the form: "object A is more similar
to object B than it is to C", where comparisons are given by humans. Existing
solutions to this problem assume many comparisons are provided to learn a high
quality kernel. However, this can be considered unrealistic for many real-world
tasks since relative assessments require human input, which is often costly or
difficult to obtain. Because of this, only a limited number of these
comparisons may be provided. In this work, we explore methods for aiding the
process of learning a kernel with the help of auxiliary kernels built from more
easily extractable information regarding the relationships among objects. We
propose a new kernel learning approach in which the target kernel is defined as
a conic combination of auxiliary kernels and a kernel whose elements are
learned directly. We formulate a convex optimization to solve for this target
kernel that adds only minor overhead to methods that use no auxiliary
information. Empirical results show that in the presence of few training
relative comparisons, our method can learn kernels that generalize to more
out-of-sample comparisons than methods that do not utilize auxiliary
information, as well as similar methods that learn metrics over objects
Human neuromaturation, juvenile extreme energy liability, and adult cognition/cooperation
Human childhood and adolescence is the period in which adult cognitive competences (including those that create the unique cooperativeness of humans) are acquired. It is also a period when neural development puts a juvenile’s survival at risk due to the high vulnerability of their brain to energy shortage. The brain of a 4 year-old human uses ≈50% of its total energy expenditure (TEE) (cf. adult ≈12%). This brain expensiveness is due to (1) the brain making up ≈6% of a 4 year-old body compared to 2% in an adult, and (2) increased energy metabolism that is ≈100% greater in the gray matter of a child than in an adult (a result of the extra costs of synaptic neuromaturation). The high absolute number of neurons in the human brain requires as part of learning a prolonged neurodevelopment. This refines inter- and intraarea neural networks so they become structured with economical “small world” connectivity attributes (such as hub organization and high cross-brain differentiation/integration). Once acquired, this connectivity enables highly complex adult cognitive capacities. Humans evolved as hunter-gatherers. Contemporary hunter-gatherers (and it is also likely Middle Paleolithic ones) pool high energy foods in an egalitarian manner that reliably supported mothers and juveniles with high energy intake. This type of sharing unique to humans protects against energy shortage happening to the immature brain. This cooperation that protects neuromaturation arises from adults having the capacity to communicate and evaluate social reputation, cognitive skills that exist as a result of extended neuromaturation. Human biology is therefore characterized by a presently overlooked bioenergetic-cognition loop (called here the “HEBE ring”) by which extended neuromaturation creates the cooperative abilities in adults that support juveniles through the potentially vulnerable period of the neurodevelopment needed to become such adults
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