The modelling of spatial units (parcels) in the land administration domain model (LADM)

The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is under development within the Technical Committee 211 (TC211) of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and identified as ISO 19152. Within the LADM classical cadastral concepts as “parcel” and “boundary” have been extended to be able to include spatial representations of overlapping tenures or claims and also multidimensional objects (3D and 2D/3D, combined with temporal dimensions). Furthermore, a series of new representations are possible apart from topologically well structured parcels (here called spatial units). Text based, sketch based, point based, line-based, polygon based, or topological based representations of spatial units are possible. The topological spatial units are defined by a consistent topological structure(with no gaps, overlaps or intersections), which is in contrast with a set of polygons, where a consistent topological structure is not guaranteed. A line-based spatial unit is represented by a collection of lines which may be collected from different sources or surveys. A point-based spatial unit contains only the coordinates of the unit’s reference point. A text based spatial unit is not represented by coordinates, but has a spatial unit description in words, e.g. the metes and bounds system (a spatial unit description in terms of distance, direction, and landmarks). All these spatial units may have a 3D representation, and a provision is made for a mixture of 2D and 3D spatial units to co-exist. A level is a collection of spatial units with a geometric or thematic coherence. The concept of level is related to the notion of “legal independence” from ‘Cadastre 2014’. This allows for the flexible introduction of spatial data from different sources and accuracies, including utility networks, buildings and other 3D spatial units, such as mining claims, or construction works. The paper explores the LADM spatial component, which is further based on ISO standards, combined with new concepts as “boundary face string” and partially unbounded primitives. Spatial profiles and the different spatial representations are used to demonstrate the flexibility of spatial representations of this domain model; for formal and non formal land administrations systems alike. The first trial implementation of the Queensland (Australia)Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) for 2D parcel encoding using the line-based spatial profile will be discussed in detail, together with the polygon based spatial profile for the spatial units of the Portuguese land administration

Data Model for the Collaboration between Land Administration Systems and Agricultural Land Parcel Identification Systems

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) has dramatically changed after 1992, and from then on forward the CAP focussed on the management of direct income subsidies instead of production-based subsidies. For this purpose, Member States (MS) are expected to establish Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), including a Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as the spatial part of IACS. Different MS have chosen different solutions for their LPIS. Currently, some MS based their IACS/LPIS on data from their Land Administration Systems (LAS), and many others use purpose built special systems for their IACS/LPIS. The issue with different IACS/LPIS is that they do not have standardized structures; rather, each represents a unique design in each MS, both in the case of LAS or special systems. In this study, we aim at designing a core data model for those IACS/LPIS based on LAS. For this purpose, we make use of the ongoing standardization initiatives for LAS (Land Administration Domain Model: LADM) and IACS/LPIS (LPIS Core Model: LCM). The data model we propose in this study implies the collaboration between LADM and LCM and includes some extensions. Some basic issues with the collaboration model are discussed within this study: registration of farmers, land use rights and farming limitations, geometry/topology, temporal data management etc. For further explanation of the model structure, sample instance level diagrams illustrating some typical situations are included. Key words: CAP, Rural Land Administration, IACS/LPIS, LADM, LCM, Standardization.JRC.H.4-Monitoring Agricultural Resource

Groundwater management in land administration: a spatio-temporal perspective

Although the use of land and water is intertwined, specifics for groundwater management are not effectively dealt with in the laws and other institutional mechanisms related to land. Provisions for groundwater aspects in land management are there, but with a focus on the land itself. Land rights and restrictions are more or less static, lacking enough flexibility to incorporate the relatively short interval spatio-temporal dynamics of groundwater resources in the land management and regulation mechanisms. This leads to a gap between the scientific inputs and policy-decision making. The paper suggests the adaptation of a spatial information science based approach to bridge the gap between the technical and administrative aspects of groundwater management. The land administration domain model (LADM) provides a basic set of elements capable of supporting the inclusion of basic groundwater modeling elements into land administration, making it possible to create a support system for the management of land and water. For this purpose, spatial and temporal dimensions under the legal-administrative and spatial unit components of the standard LADM model are reviewed. The paper shows that the advancement of spatial technologies is capable of providing solutions for global issues such as groundwater resource management. As a first step towards implementation of these technologies, it is essential to include spatio-temporal dynamics properly in the standard data models. Increased knowledge of the behaviour of groundwater resources, supported by a technical system built on a land administration counterpart, could help improve greater sustainability in the use of such resources. Considering the specific arrangements of rights, parties and spatial units this could, if desired, also provide the base for a regulated private market in groundwater assets. Further research will be needed to fully operationalize and implement such data models, which ultimately could produce outputs at case study level which can help to formulate policies regarding natural resources more on the basis of technical inputs

2012 land administration domain model

UID/SOC/04647/2019This article proposes the modelling and implementation of an integrated system for Brazilian cadastres, based on the standardized model of land administration described in the ISO 19152:2012 LADM. The model was developed from the identification of the essential elements of the urban, the National Rural Cadastre System and the cadastres of public assets of the Secretariat of the Patrimony of the Union. At all stages of this work, free and/or open source software was used to validate this proposal. The results confirm the viability of the application of the concepts proposed by LADM to the Brazilian system of cadastres, allowing the integration between the systems of different institutions. The model is flexible and allows for the inclusion of additional classes according to changing needs of land administration data users. The current form of the model can be regarded as the basic module to be used as a starting point in the structuring of the National System of Management of Territorial Information, which is aimed at the integration of all existing cadastres and land registries in Brazil.publishersversionpublishe

3D cadastral complexities in dense urban areas of developing countries: case studies from Delhi and satellite towns

Cadastral systems based on 2D spatial representation have served land administration and property management well for centuries. In India, the basic unit of the cadastral record is the land parcel, which is known as plot. Maintenance of land records with ownership; assessment of tax on the property and tax collection is the responsibility of district authorities. Historically, Delhi has been preferred as a capital by different rulers from various dynasties and invaders coming from different partTS03B_ezeomedo_igbokwe_6421s of the world even before 15th century. As in many densely populated areas even the early developments included 3D solutions, both below and above the surface. In the early days these were rather exceptions, but the 3D use of space has only been increased afterwards due to the continuously growing needs for space and the increased (civil) engineering and construction capabilities. In the early decades after gaining independence in 1947, Delhi rapidly began taking shape of a metro city due to large number of refugees coming from Pakistan who changed the landscape of entire Delhi. By the starting of 21st Century, Delhi had started growing rapidly in terms of population and infrastructure development. This rapid expansion in Delhi and immediate neighbouring cities of Noida and Gurgaon found the land administration agencies of these cities unprepared to deal with this rapidly changing land market. Delhi is managed by various land management agencies. Some have a major role to play in planning and development of the land like Delhi Development Authority while others focus more execution and maintenance like municipal corporations. Delhi does have a long-standing system of Deed registration but have no central registry. In general, records of land held by governmental agencies are maintained by each individual agency. The current paper aims to study the multi-stakeholding urban area locations in Delhi and around where (infrastructural) changes are creating the complex land management situations for the authorities involved. Three cases, mainly related to buildings and apartments, are presented in brief to highlight the different aspects of 3D spatial complexities involved while the forth case study is mode elaborated and focusing on multi-infrastructure (utility) networks in one single area. General Spatial Dimensions for each case are discussed focusing on geometric aspects in vertical and horizontal space below or above surface. As a specific focus, the spatial dimensions are discussed within the context of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Spatial Unit Package context

Investigation of the possibilities harmonising National Cadastre with International Standards

158 σ.Η ακίνητη περιουσία από τις αρχές της σύστασης του ελληνικού κράτους αποτελεί αντικείμενο συνταγματικής κατοχύρωσης. Ο δυναμικός χαρακτήρας των μεταβολών στην ακίνητη περιουσία απαιτεί την ύπαρξη πάντα ενημερωμένων πληροφοριών σχετικά με τα δικαιώματα και τους περιορισμούς κάθε γεωτεμαχίου. Οι πληροφορίες αυτές καταγράφονται από τα κτηματολογικά συστήματα, τα οποία με την πάροδο των χρόνων εξελίσσονται και αποκτούν όλο και μεγαλύτερη σημασία. Ένα κτηματολογικό σύστημα θα πρέπει να μπορεί να ανταποκρίνεται στις απαιτήσεις του παρόντος και να προσαρμόζεται και στις τάσεις του μέλλοντος. Τα σύγχρονα κτηματολογικά συστήματα επηρεάστηκαν και συνεχίζουν να επηρεάζονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από την εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας των πληροφοριών και τηλεπικοινωνιών. Οι δυνατότητες των σύγχρονων συστημάτων διαχείρισης βάσεων δεδομένων και συστημάτων γεωγραφικών πληροφοριών επιτρέπουν την καλύτερη διαχείριση και διάχυση των πληροφοριών. Ωστόσο, χωρίς την ύπαρξη της τυποποίησης και διαλειτουργικότητας των συστημάτων αυτών οι δυνατότητες αυτές δεν μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν. Για το λόγο αυτό, καταβάλλονται προσπάθειες τυποποίησης των κτηματολογικών συστημάτων, με σκοπό να βρεθούν οι κοινοί τους τόποι και να αρθούν οι γεωγραφικοί τους περιορισμοί. Το Land Administration Domain Model αποτελεί μία ολοκληρωμένη προσπάθεια τυποποίησης των κτηματολογικών συστημάτων και από την 1η Δεκεμβρίου του 2012 αποτελεί διεθνές πρότυπο (ISO 19152). Το LADM καλύπτει τις βασικές πληροφορίες που αφορούν τα συστήματα διαχείρισης της γης και είναι ένα ευέλικτο μοντέλο που μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί και να επεκταθεί σύμφωνα με τις ανάγκες της κάθε χώρας. Ταυτόχρονα, στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, η οδηγία INSPIRE έρχεται να θέσει τους κανόνες δημιουργίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Υποδομής Χωρικών Δεδομένων που θα επιτρέπει τη διασυνοριακή διάχυση των δεδομένων για τους σκοπούς της περιβαλλοντικής πολιτικής. Η κτηματολογική πληροφορία αποτελεί και εδώ σημαντική πληροφορία. Η πορεία ανάπτυξης του Εθνικού Κτηματολογίου χρονολογείται από το 1995 και μέχρι σήμερα δεν έχει ολοκληρωθεί. Πέρα από την έλλειψη κτηματολογικών πληροφοριών, η χώρα χαρακτηρίζεται και από έλλειψη μιας ολοκληρωμένης εθνικής υποδομής χωρικών δεδομένων. Η υιοθέτηση ενός προτύπου όπως το LADM θα θέσει ισχυρότερα θεμέλια στον θεσμό του Κτηματολογίου, ενώ η εναρμόνιση της βάσης δεδομένων του με τα κτηματολογικά γεωτεμάχια της INSPIRE θα αποτελέσει πυρήνα ανάπτυξης της υποδομής χωρικών δεδομένων για την Ελλάδα.Since the establishment of the Greek State, immovable property is protected by the Greek Constitution. The dynamic nature of immovable property calls for updated information about rights and restrictions that apply to each land parcel. All this information is recorded by the cadastral systems, which have evolved over the years gaining an even bigger importance in today’s life. Modern cadastral systems were affected and continue to be strongly affected by the advancements in Information and Communications Technology. The capabilities of modern DBMS (Database Management Systems) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) allow for more effective management and dissemination of information. However, those capabilities cannot be fully exploited due the absence of standardisation and interoperability within cadastral systems. Thus, standardisation efforts are being made in the land administration domain so that a common denominator is found between those systems and geographic constraints are removed. The Land Administration Domain Model is an incremental approach to standardise cadastral systems and since 1st of December 2012 is an international standard, ISO 19152. LADM covers basic information related to components of land administration and is a flexible model which can be easily adapted to local needs. At the same time, in the European Union, INSPIRE Directive sets the rules for the implementation of European Spatial Data Infrastructure, which will enable the cross border dissemination of data initially for the purposes of environmental policy. Cadastral information plays an important role here, too. The development of the Hellenic Cadastre dates back to 1995 and has yet to be completed. Apart from cadastral information shortage, the country has to deal with the absence of an integrated national spatial data infrastructure. The implementation of a standard like the LADM will set more robust foundations for the completion of the Hellenic Cadastre, while harmonization with INSPIRE’s Cadastral Parcels will become the driver for the creation of SDI in Greece.Στυλιανή Γ. Ψωμαδάκ

Development of a Web-based land evaluation system and its application to population carrying capacity assessment using .Net technology

The multi-disciplinary approach used in this study combines the state-of-the-art IT technology with an elaborated land evaluation methodology and results in a Web-based land evaluation system (WLES). The WLES is designed in such a way that the system operates both as a Web Application and as a Web Service. Implemented on top of the .NET platform, the WLES has a loosely coupled multi-layer structure which seamlessly integrates the domain knowledge of land evaluation and the soil database. The Web Service feature makes the WLES suitable to act as a building block of a larger system such as that of the population carrying capacity (PCC) assessment. As a reference application, a framework is made to assess the PCC on the basis of the production potential calculations which are available through the WLES Web Service interface

A Long-Term Hydrologically-Based Data Set of Land Surface Fluxes and States for the Conterminous United States

A frequently encountered difficulty in assessing model-predicted land–atmosphere exchanges of moisture and energy is the absence of comprehensive observations to which model predictions can be compared at the spatial and temporal resolutions at which the models operate. Various methods have been used to evaluate the land surface schemes in coupled models, including comparisons of model-predicted evapotranspiration with values derived from atmospheric water balances, comparison of model-predicted energy and radiative fluxes with tower measurements during periods of intensive observations, comparison of model-predicted runoff with observed streamflow, and comparison of model predictions of soil moisture with spatial averages of point observations. While these approaches have provided useful model diagnostic information, the observation-based products used in the comparisons typically are inconsistent with the model variables with which they are compared—for example, observations are for points or areas much smaller than the model spatial resolution, comparisons are restricted to temporal averages, or the spatial scale is large compared to that resolved by the model. Furthermore, none of the datasets available at present allow an evaluation of the interaction of the water balance components over large regions for long periods. In this study, a model-derived dataset of land surface states and fluxes is presented for the conterminous United States and portions of Canada and Mexico. The dataset spans the period 1950–2000, and is at a 3-h time step with a spatial resolution of ⅛ degree. The data are distinct from reanalysis products in that precipitation is a gridded product derived directly from observations, and both the land surface water and energy budgets balance at every time step. The surface forcings include precipitation and air temperature (both gridded from observations), and derived downward solar and longwave radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind. Simulated runoff is shown to match observations quite well over large river basins. On this basis, and given the physically based model parameterizations, it is argued that other terms in the surface water balance (e.g., soil moisture and evapotranspiration) are well represented, at least for the purposes of diagnostic studies such as those in which atmospheric model reanalysis products have been widely used. These characteristics make this dataset useful for a variety of studies, especially where ground observations are lacking

the use of eminent domain in São Paulo, Bogotá, and Mexico City

En este trabajo el autor ofrece un examen sobre las prácticas de dominio eminente (eminent domain) en tres de las más importantes ciudades latinoamericanas. Aborda conforme lo anterior, de manera crítica, las relaciones entre las reglas legales usadas respecto del dominio eminente y el contexto institucional en el cual son aplicadas dichas reglas, en una perspectiva bidimensional: la primera, la de las relaciones entre los poderes judicial, legislativo y ejecutivo en lo concerniente al dominio eminente, y la segunda, la distribución de autoridad con relación al dominio eminente a nivel de gobiernos nacionales, provinciales o locales. Por esta vía logra el autor un acertado análisis comparativo, contextualizando dichas prácticas de dominio eminente, con la realidad de cada una de esas metrópolis, permitiendo las inferencias aterrizadas de que carecen estudios similares.In this work the author offers a rich and deep examination on the practices of “eminent domain” in three of the most important Latin-American cities. He approaches as the previous thing, of a critical way, the relations between the legal rules that concern of “eminent domain” and the institutional context in which the above mentioned rules are applied, in a two-dimensional perspective: the first one, that of the relations between the power judicial, legislative and executive in the relating thing to “eminent domain”, and the second one, the distribution of authority with relation to “eminent domain” to level of national, provincial or local governments. For this route the author achieves a guessed right comparative analysis, giving context to the above mentioned practices of “eminent domain”, in the reality of each one of this metropolis, allowing the inferences landed that similar studies lack