Organisational culture and public diplomacy in the digital sphere: The case of South Korea

Digital diplomacy is the latest technological advance to push change in diplomatic practice. It relates to the application of digital technologies, including information and communication technologies, software engineering and big data, and artificial intelligence, to the practice of diplomacy. Positioned in the top ranks of connectivity, internet speed, smartphone ownership, and social media usage, South Korea should be a leader in the use of digital technologies in diplomatic practice. However, South Korea is not a leader; indeed, it has been left behind. I explore digital diplomacy as a “disruptive technology” and look at criteria for organizational adaptation. I then use these criteria to assess South Korea's adaptation and draw from these the specific policy challenges facing South Korea. To conclude, I propose four core criteria to aid digital diplomacy adaptation in South Korea and other similar states

A Study on the Industrial Revolution of the New Century

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2021. 2. 한정훈.North Korea has expended considerable effort in pursuing its goal of the Industrial Revolution of the New Century (IRNC), which is known as North Koreas latest science and technology (S&T) innovation at the same time economic development strategy. Despite its dire economic conditions, exacerbated by the recent sanctions, the country has expended considerable amounts of resources and efforts in pursuing its goal of leapfrogging through the IRNC. However, existing biases and high standards of S&T evaluation towards this lower-middle-income (LMI) state led its S&T to be considered as rather obsolete. Is North Koreas S&T too obsolete to be used as a means for economic development? This thesis explores the transition and development of North Koreas S&T policy and its capability from Kim Jong-ils S&T-oriented policy to Kim Jong-uns IRNC. It aims to explain the characteristics of the IRNC compared to the previous regimes S&T policy and how certain changes have resulted in North Koreas current S&T development. Thereby, the paper argues that the current regimes S&T policy via the IRNC has allowed the acceleration of innovation development lacked in the previous regime. It also argues that North Koreas S&T innovations since Kim Jong-uns regime do not fall behind those of other countries at similar stages of their industrial development. The current governments innovations clearly show that this time, North Korea has the potential to leapfrog. Yet, it also notes that the current regimes persistent pursuit of nuclear weapons and isolation from the international scene will limit its potential to achieve further economic growth as a socialist economic powerhouse.북한은 넓게 해석하면 북한식 4차 산업혁명이라 볼 수 있는 새세기산업혁명을 증진하기 위해 상당한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 새세기산업혁명은 북한의 경제발전과 과학기술혁신을 목적으로 적극적으로 추진되어 왔다. 지속되는 경제 제제로 인해 자금난을 겪고 있으면서도 북한은 과학 기술 혁신에 대한 중요성을 인지하고 위 전략을 통해 선진국 못지않은 열정으로 연구개발에 지원을 아끼지 않고 있다. 한편, 이 은둔 국가에 대한 선입견과 선진국의 과학기술혁신 수준을 기준으로 북한의 과학기술혁신이 평가되면서 북한의 과학기술은 여전히 매우 낙후된 것으로 평가되고 있다. 과연 북한의 과학기술은 낙후되었고 경제발전 수단으로 기대하지 못할 만큼 형편없는가? 본 논문은 김정일 정권부터 김정은 정권까지 북한 과학기술 정책의 변화와 발전을 살펴보고 이들의 과학기술혁신 역량을 분석한다. 이를 통해 새세기산업혁명을 통한 현 정권의 과학기술혁신이 이전 정권에서 미약했던 혁신 창출을 가속화했고 나아가 북한의 과학기술 역량이 북한에 비해 조금 우위에 있는 혹은 비슷한 산업발전단계에 있는 국가들과 비교했을 때 결코 뒤쳐지지 않음을 주장한다. 또한, 새세기산업혁명 전략이 북한 단번도약의 열쇠가 되는 잠재력을 지니고 있음을 강조한다. 그러나 현 정권의 지속되는 핵 개발 의지와 이에 따른 국제적 봉쇄로 인해 새세기산업혁명의 최종 목표인 사회주의 경제강국으로의 성공 전망은 회의적일 수밖에 없다. 따라서 북한이 비핵화를 선언하고 개혁개방을 통해 그들이 꿈꾸는 경제강국을 이룰지, 아니면 경제 회복과 중저소득국가수준에서 만족할 것인지는 김정은의 선택에 달려 있다.Ⅰ. Introduction 1 Ⅱ. Literature Review 6 1. North Koreas Current Economic Status 6 2. Inter-Korean S&T Cooperation Optimists and North Korean S&T Skeptic 10 3. Analytical Framework 14 Ⅲ. Transition of S&T Policy Under Two Regimes 22 1. S&T Policy by Kim Jong-il 22 1-1. Policy background 23 1-2. S&T in reality: a tool for economic recovery 25 1-3. Seeking comparative advantage via IT industry 30 2. S&T Policy by Kim Jong-un 35 2-1. Policy background 35 2-2. S&T via the IRNC: objective for building socialist economic powerhouse and knowledge economy 38 2-3. Seeking comparative advantage via High Technology 42 2-4. Acceleration of innovation building: financial support and maximizing welfares in S&T 48 Ⅳ. Innovation Outputs via the IRNC 54 1. Registration of International Academic Journals Related to S&T 55 1-1. Quantitative competitiveness of S&T journal publication 55 1-2. Journals by categories 59 1-3. Contribution of North Koreas journals to S&T academia 63 2. Patent Registrations 69 2-1. Quantitative competitiveness of patent 72 2-2. Patents by categories 78 Ⅴ. Conclusion 83 Bibliography 88Maste

Broadband Korea

노트 : This report was prepared by Tim Kelly, Vanessa Gray and Michael Minges. It is based on research carried out from 23 to 30 May 2002 as well as articles and reports noted in the document. The assistance of the Ministry of Information and Communication, particularly Sang-Hak Lee, was indispensable and highly appreciated. The assistance of colleagues within ITU is also noted particularly Nathalie Delmas, who formatted the report and created the cover. Both Jin-Kyu Jeong and Chinyong Chong provided detailed comments. The report would not have been possible without the cooperation of the many Korean organizations who offered their time to the reportís authors. The report is one of a series examining the Internet in developing nations. Additional information is available on ITUís Internet Case Study web page at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/. (The rest omitted

Continual Growth, Inhibitors, and Implications of Information Communication Technology in South Korea from a North American Perspective

Despite their late development into the information communication technology (ICT) market, several countries in continental Asia have emerged as technological and industrial leaders in the world. With its information communication technology (ICT) initiatives and policies, South Korea has emerged from its chaotic history as one of Asia\u27s most advanced ICT economies. It could be argued that South Korea has made the same technological progress in 30 years that took the United States to do in over 100. However, rapid growth cannot be achieved without difficulties along the way. The current research presents the ICT growth of South Korea along with factors inhibiting future growth. While South Korea has advanced through government initiatives and diligence among a hard-working society, new initiatives, including the Blue Ocean strategy must be established in order to sustain its competitive advantage. A review of inhibitors limiting continued growth is presented with recommendations for overcoming these limitations

A Case Study of the Relationship between the States Foreign Aid Policy and International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs)

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과(행정학전공), 2023. 2. Jorg Michael Dostal.The discussion of state and civil society relationships in development assistance is theoretically challenging for academic consensus. In contributing insight to ongoing theoretical discussion, the case study is conducted in a recipient country, Cambodia, by analyzing South Korea's development assistance concerning the relationship between the state's foreign aid policy and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) during the Moon Jae-in administration. The paper identifies the institutionalization process of the relationship using a top-down analysis and triangulation method and the strength of performance in the past five year, 2017-2022. It is an attempt to explain how the Koreas government approach toward Korean INGOs in Cambodia. If so, to what extent. The data sources are OECDs publication on civil society approach for DAC members, Koreas government legal framework, policy, and institutions in regard to international development cooperation and the role of NGOs under the Framework Act, ODA White Papers, Mid-term Strategy, Country Partnership Strategy, annual reports and Cambodias government database on Korean NGOs. The study found that the relationship between the Korean government and Korean INGOs in development assistance is encouraged to foster stronger relations due to a growing expectation as a DAC member of OECD. Generally, in Cambodia's case, the Korean government has optimized ODA through a funding incentive for NGOs based on the state's strategic priorities. At the same time, this implies that NGOs are not empowered to operate within their sphere of social service delivery but are attracted to fulfilling states' interests and politics of development aid; thus, many of Korean NGOs in Cambodia remains self-sustained. State and civil society can arguably be a power (technical and financial) struggle because the support of the state toward NGOs has centred around state-led agenda rather than an essence of promoting civil society abroad. So, future research needs to evaluate and recommend policies on this complex relationship.개발원조에서 국가와 시민사회의 관계에 관한 논의는 이론적으로 학계의 합의를 이루기 어렵다. 진행중인 이론적 논의를 위한 통찰력에 기여하기 위해, 본 사례연구는 수원국인 캄보디아에서 문재인 정부 기간 동안 국가의 해외 원조 정책과 국제비정부기구(INGOs)의 관계에 관한 대한민국의 개발원조를 분석한다. 하향적 관점과 다각화를 사용하여, 본 연구는 관계의 제도화 과정과 지난 2017-2022년 동안 성과의 강도를 확인한다. 한국 정부가 캄보디아 내 한국인 INGO에 어떻게 접근하고 어느 정도까지 접근하고 있는지를 설명하려는 시도입니다.자료 출처는 기본법에 따른 국제개발협력 및 NGO의 역할에 관한 시민사회 접근법에 관한 OECD의 출판물, 한국 정부의 법적 틀, 정책 및 기관, ODA 백서, 중기 전략, 국가 파트너십 전략, 연례 보고서 및 한국인 NGO에 대한 캄보디아 정부의 데이터베이스입니다. 연구결과 개발원조에서 한국 정부와 한국 INGO의 관계는 OECD의 DAC 회원국으로서의 기대감이 증가함에 따라 보다 강력한 관계를 육성하기 위해 장려되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일반적으로 캄보디아의 경우 한국 정부는 국가의 전략적 우선순위에 따른 NGO에 대한 자금지원 인센티브를 통해 ODA를 최적화하고 있다. 동시에 이는 NGO가 사회서비스 제공 범위 내에서 활동할 수 있는 권한이 아니라 국가의 이익과 개발원조 정치를 이행하는 데 매력을 느껴 캄보디아 내 한국 NGO의 대부분이 자생력을 유지하고 있음을 의미한다. 비정부기구에 대한 국가의 지원이 시민사회를 해외로 홍보하는 본질보다는 국가 주도 의제에 집중되었기 때문에 국가와 시민사회는 거의 틀림없이 권력(기술적, 재정적) 투쟁을 할 수 있다. 따라서 향후 연구에서는 이러한 복잡한 관계에 대한 정책을 평가하고 권고할 필요가 있다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. Study Background 1 1.1. South Korea as an emergence donor through state and non-governmental organizations. 1 1.2. Korea's State ODA and INGOs in Cambodia 3 2. Purpose of Research 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Methodology 6 1. Literature Review 7 1.1. Theoretical Framework: From Liberal to Gramscian 7 1.2. Development of Relationship between Korea's State and NGOs 9 1.2.1 Factors of Development 9 1.2.2 Relationship between South Korea's State and NGOs 11 1.3. Development of Relationship between Korea's ODA and NGOs 13 1.4. Empirical and Statistical Analysis on Relationship between Korea's ODA and INGOs 15 2. Research Methodology 17 2.1. Research Design 17 2.2. Data Collection and Analysis 19 2.3. Limitation 21 Chapter 3: Discussion and Analysis 22 1. Conceptual Framework 22 1.1. Defining Relationship through Institutional Framework 22 1.2. Implementation Framework 23 2. Discussion 23 2.1. South Korea's ODA policy toward NGOs under OECD 23 2.1.1. OECD Policy Formulation Discourse 23 2.1.2. Korea's Civil Society Policy in a Catch up with OECD 30 2.2. Korea's Aid to and through CSOs 36 Chapter 4: Conclusion 51 Bibliography 55 Appendix 64 Abstract in Korea 73석

Analytical framework for evaluating digital diplomacy using network analysis and topic modeling: Comparing South Korea and Japan

This study introduces a data-driven approach for assessing the practices and effectiveness of digital diplomacy, using the cases of South Korea and Japan. The study compared the networking power of public diplomacy organizations based on social media use, engagement with the public, interaction patterns among the public, and public perceptions and attitudes toward organizations. This was accomplished through a three-step method employing social network analysis and topic modeling. The network analysis found that the Korean public diplomacy organization generated a larger, more loosely connected, and decentralized comment network than the Japanese organization, which presented a “small-world” connectivity pattern with highly interconnected actors. The findings also suggest that, compared to the Japanese organization, the Korean organization was successful in not only enhancing its soft power through social media but also building international networks among the foreign public

Korea\u27s Patent Policy and Its Impact on Economic Development: A Model for Emerging Countries?

The purpose of this paper will be to examine Korean patent policy as exemplified by its patent legislation and the activities of Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO). Part II will take a brief look at the rationale underpinning Korea\u27s confidence in the power of the patent system to stimulate economic growth. Part III of the paper will look at the Korean Patent Act as an example of strong, comprehensive patent legislation that fully complies with international standards and responds well to the perceived needs of patent applicants. In order to provide a basis of comparison, reference will be made wherever applicable to similar or divergent provisions in the United States Patent Act. Part III will examine one of the highlights of Korean patent legislation, the Korean Invention Promotion Act, which focuses national attention on the promotion of patentable technology and provides a system of compensation for employee inventors. Part IV of the paper will turn to the activities of KIPO and its sister agencies. Part V will examine the impact that Korean patent policy has had on Korean economic growth as well as on Korea\u27s place in the world patent community. It will posit that the Korean recipe for success--the main ingredients of which are a strong law, an active patent office with a broad mandate, and a commitment to using the patent system to build capacity--is a transferable one, and it will therefore suggest that Korean policy may be well suited to serve as a model for other emerging countries wishing to use patents to promote economic development

Comparative Development Strategies of South Korea and Taiwan as Reflected in Their Respective International Trade Policies

This paper examines the interplay of economic development and trade policies in South Korea and Taiwan. Although many differences exist between the two states, both have identified economic development as a central national policy goal linked explicitly to national security, even national survival. Both have targeted international trade as a key means of promoting economic development. Thus, trade policy, broadly defined, has served as one of the principal components of their economic development strategies. Of course, many other factors impinge upon trade policy formation - the national imperatives against which all policy must be weighed, economic opportunities and constraints, the domestic political process through which societal interests and pressures are managed, and the international political process through which competing interests are accommodated - but far more than in most other developing states, trade policy in Korea and Taiwan has given primacy to economic growth