A Campaign of the Great Hetman Jan Zamoyski in Moldavia (1595). Part I. Politico-diplomatic and military preliminaries

Polish-Turkish relations in the sixteenth century were generally peaceful, but the source of a conflict remained because of recurring bouts of Tatars and Cossacks, and the unexpired Polish claims to sovereignty over Moldavia. The outbreak of the war between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs in 1593 offered for Poland an opportunity to strengthen its policy in the southeast. The movement of the Christian vassals of the Sultan to the side of the Emperor Rudolf II resulted in the relocation of military operations to the territory of today’s Romania. The subordination of the Romanian lands to the Habsburgs or their complete subjugation by the Ottomans was dangerous to Rzeczpospolita. Thus, in the summer of 1595, the Chancellor and the Great Hetman of the Crown Jan Zamoyski decided to enter with a part of Polish troops to Moldavia

Sex-speare vs. Shake-speare: On Nudity and Sexuality in Some Screen and Stage Versions of Shakespeare’s Plays

The article attempts to address the issue of nudity and eroticism in stage and screen versions of Shakespeare’s plays. Elizabethan theatrical conventions and moral and political censorship of the English Renaissance did not allow for an explicit presentation of naked bodies and sexual interactions on stage; rather, these were relegated to the verbal plane, hence the bawdy language Shakespeare employed on many occasions. Conventions play a significant role also in the present-day, post-1960s and post-sexual revolution era, whereby human sexuality in Western culture is not just alluded to, but discussed and presented in an open manner. Consequently, nudity on stage and screen in versions of Shakespeare’s plays has become more marked and outspoken. Indeed, in both filmic and TV productions as well as stage performances directors and actors more and more willingly have exposed human body and sexuality to the viewer/spectator. My aim is to look at such instances from the perspective of realism and realistic conventions that the three media deploy and the effect nudity/sex can have on the recipient. The conclusion is that theatre is most conventional and stark realism and directness of the message need to be carefully dosed. Similarly to the theatre, television, more specifically television theatre, is, too, a most direct genre, as television is inherently a live medium, the broadcasts of which occur here and now, in the present tense (ideally). Film is markedly different from the two previous forms of art: it is narrated in the past tense, thus creating a distance between what is shown and the viewer, and allowing for more literalness. Naturally, particular cases discussed in the article go beyond these rather simple divisions

Spartan Daily, December 8, 1972

Volume 60, Issue 50https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/5685/thumbnail.jp

Z dziejów synkretyzmu filozoficznego w epoce renesansu – Jana Grotowskiego

The article discusses the philosophical syncretism of the Renaissance time period in a lesser known sixteenth century text of Jan Grotowski Ai.e. Socrates, Diogenes and Themistocles. The description of the interlocutors refers both to their antique and Renaissance descriptions. In addition, the issue of nobleness that comes from birth and the one that comes from living a good life is discussed. The notion of virtue as it was presented in Grotowski’s work is outlined, as well as the relations between the body, soul and the spirit included in it that influence the interpretation of the notion “nobleness”

Early tourism writing at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków (15th c.-mid-17th C.)

The author attempts to outline early tourism writing by professors and graduates from the Kraków Academy (Akademia Krakowska), the majority of which are geographic and cartographic works. Among the authors, Jan Długosz, Wawrzyniec Korwin, Jan z Głogowa, Maciej z Miechowa (Miechowita), Bernard Wapowski and Marcin Kromer should be mentioned

Szlachta podlaska w wojsku polskim za ostatnich Jagiellonów

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What are they like? Linguistic image of Polish family and graphic design in selected textbooks for Teaching Polish as a Foreign Language

W artykule przedstawiłam wybrane elementy, które składają się na szatę graficzną oraz językowy obraz (Sztabnicka, 2011: 327-333) polskiej rodziny, tj. wygląd zewnętrzny, cechy charakteru, wiek, imiona oraz nazwiska. Za źródła materiału badawczego posłużyły mi wybrane podręczniki przeznaczone na wszystkie poziomy nauczania (od A1 do C2), których pierwsze wydanie ukazało się w lub po roku 1989. Jak zatem wygląda „typowa” podręcznikowa rodzina? Jej głową jest trzydziestodziewięcioletni Jan/ Adam/Paweł Kowalski/Nowak. Jest przystojnym szatynem z brodą i wąsami. Jego żona to trzydziestotrzyletnia Maria — elegancka blondynka. Ich dzieci to Monika i Marek/Jan w wieku szkolnym. Monika jest ładna i podobna do ojca, natomiast Marek/Jan jest wysoki i bardzo szczupły. Artykuł traktuje również o zależnościach między wyłaniającym się obrazem rodziny a podręcznikiem, jego poziomem oraz datą wydania.The article presents selected elements that contribute to a linguistic and graphic image of a Polish family, namely appearance, personality, age, names and surnames. As a source of the research materials I used selected textbooks for all levels of proficiency (from A1 to C2), which first edition appeared in or after 1989. So how does a “typical” textbook family look like? The head of the family is thirty-nine-year-old Jan/Adam/Paweł Kowalski/ Nowak. He is a handsome brown-haired man with a beard and moustache. His wife is thirty-three-year-old Maria, an elegant blonde. They have two school-age children — Monika and Marek/Jan. Monika is pretty and resembles her father while Marek/Jan is tall and very slim. The present article also deals with the relationships between the emerging picture of the family and the textbook, its level and the date of issue

Comparative Analysis of Private Equity Market in Poland and Other Central and Eastern European Countries

The main goal of this article is an analysis of the development stage attained by the private equity market in Poland and its comparison with similar markets in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The main emphasis has been laid on the very essence of this source of capital and its importance for development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The performed analysis has allowed to verity the hypothesis saying that private equity funds in Poland display a greater involvement in comparison with such funds in the remaining countries of this region, which is confirmed by the value of capital invested in Polish enterprises and the value of divestments in Poland. The empirical data used in this article come from statistical reports of the European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association.Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza stanu rozwoju rynku private equity w Polsce oraz porównanie go z tego typu rynkami w innych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Opisana zastała istota tego źródła finansowania oraz wskazano jej znaczenie dla rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. W pracy zweryfikowana została hipoteza stwierdzająca, iż fundusze private equity w Polsce wykazują większą aktywność niż w pozostałych krajach regionu, wyrazem czego jest wartość zainwestowanych kapitałów w polskie przedsiębiorstwa oraz wartość zrealizowanych wyjść z inwestycji w Polsce. Wykorzystane w pracy dane empiryczne pochodzą z opracowań statystycznych European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association

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