Guide to transverse projections and mass-constraining variables

This paper seeks to demonstrate that many of the existing mass-measurement variables proposed for hadron colliders (mT, mEff, mT2, missing pT, hT, rootsHatMin, etc.) are far more closely related to each other than is widely appreciated, and indeed can all be viewed as a common mass bound specialized for a variety of purposes. A consequence of this is that one may understand better the strengths and weaknesses of each variable, and the circumstances in which each can be used to best effect. In order to achieve this, we find it necessary first to revisit the seemingly empty and infertile wilderness populated by the subscript "T" (as in pT) in order to remind ourselves what this process of transversification actually means. We note that, far from being simple, transversification can mean quite different things to different people. Those readers who manage to battle through the barrage of transverse notation distinguishing mass-preserving projections from velocity preserving projections, and `early projection' from `late projection', will find their efforts rewarded towards the end of the paper with (i) a better understanding of how collider mass variables fit together, (ii) an appreciation of how these variables could be generalized to search for things more complicated than supersymmetry, (iii) will depart with an aversion to thoughtless or naive use of the so-called `transverse' methods of any of the popular computer Lorentz-vector libraries, and (iv) will take care in their subsequent papers to be explicit about which of the 61 identified variants of the `transverse mass' they are employing.Comment: 47 pages, 15 figures. v2: Title change for journal, and minor typographical correction

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1898 Jun 2.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY,Jamaica Plain, Mass., June 2, 1898.My dear Muir:Returning from the south I find your note of May 11th, including one from Senator Perkins which I return. I have had a hard and hurried trip to Key West and not a very profitable one, unless finding out that I knew a good deal less than I thought on the subject I was trying to investigate may be considered profitable. This winding up of The Silva is really harassing. I am going to survive it, however, although I do not exactly see how.So far as I know there is nothing new in the forestry situation. The matter is still in the hands of a conference committee of the two houses. I believe the House will stand firm and resist the Senate, although it is impossible to say what may happen at the last moment, or what dangerous or destructive compromise may be made.Miss Eastwood writes as if she expected that somebody else was going to get those Abies flowers. I have written her that she had better get them herself. It won\u27t do to make any mistake this time. Johnson, on whom I depended somewhat for help in the matter of the northern variety, has left Oregon for Omaha and nothing can be expected from him.About the 1st of September I mean to go down into the southern mountains. I hope Canby will go with me. You will be needed to02428 ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2make the party complete, and in such a journey you would see more trees in five minutes than you would all summer on the shores of Prince Williams Sound and Cook\u27s Inlet.I do not see why you should feel any special surprise or pleasure at having a volume of The Silva dedicated to you. For if there is any man who loves and knows trees, and knows how to write about them better than anybody else, you are the fellow.Let me hear from you again soon.Faithfully yours,C.S. [illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal.0242

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1898 Jun 2.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY,Jamaica Plain, Mass., June 2, 1898.My dear Muir:Returning from the south I find your note of May 11th, including one from Senator Perkins which I return. I have had a hard and hurried trip to Key West and not a very profitable one, unless finding out that I knew a good deal less than I thought on the subject I was trying to investigate may be considered profitable. This winding up of The Silva is really harassing. I am going to survive it, however, although I do not exactly see how.So far as I know there is nothing new in the forestry situation. The matter is still in the hands of a conference committee of the two houses. I believe the House will stand firm and resist the Senate, although it is impossible to say what may happen at the last moment, or what dangerous or destructive compromise may be made.Miss Eastwood writes as if she expected that somebody else was going to get those Abies flowers. I have written her that she had better get them herself. It won\u27t do to make any mistake this time. Johnson, on whom I depended somewhat for help in the matter of the northern variety, has left Oregon for Omaha and nothing can be expected from him.About the 1st of September I mean to go down into the southern mountains. I hope Canby will go with me. You will be needed to02428 ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2make the party complete, and in such a journey you would see more trees in five minutes than you would all summer on the shores of Prince Williams Sound and Cook\u27s Inlet.I do not see why you should feel any special surprise or pleasure at having a volume of The Silva dedicated to you. For if there is any man who loves and knows trees, and knows how to write about them better than anybody else, you are the fellow.Let me hear from you again soon.Faithfully yours,C.S. [illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal.0242

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1898 Jun 2.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY,Jamaica Plain, Mass., June 2, 1898.My dear Muir:Returning from the south I find your note of May 11th, including one from Senator Perkins which I return. I have had a hard and hurried trip to Key West and not a very profitable one, unless finding out that I knew a good deal less than I thought on the subject I was trying to investigate may be considered profitable. This winding up of The Silva is really harassing. I am going to survive it, however, although I do not exactly see how.So far as I know there is nothing new in the forestry situation. The matter is still in the hands of a conference committee of the two houses. I believe the House will stand firm and resist the Senate, although it is impossible to say what may happen at the last moment, or what dangerous or destructive compromise may be made.Miss Eastwood writes as if she expected that somebody else was going to get those Abies flowers. I have written her that she had better get them herself. It won\u27t do to make any mistake this time. Johnson, on whom I depended somewhat for help in the matter of the northern variety, has left Oregon for Omaha and nothing can be expected from him.About the 1st of September I mean to go down into the southern mountains. I hope Canby will go with me. You will be needed to02428 ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2make the party complete, and in such a journey you would see more trees in five minutes than you would all summer on the shores of Prince Williams Sound and Cook\u27s Inlet.I do not see why you should feel any special surprise or pleasure at having a volume of The Silva dedicated to you. For if there is any man who loves and knows trees, and knows how to write about them better than anybody else, you are the fellow.Let me hear from you again soon.Faithfully yours,C.S. [illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal.0242

Letter from [John Muir] to J. E. Calkins, [1904 Jul ?].

[Rough draft of letter][July, ? 1904 ]Mr. J. E. Calkins,Davenport, Iowa.My dear Sir:Good lovers of God\u27s wildness are far from common even in these days of nature books, nature studies, and annual outings, etc., so you may be sure I sorely regret missing you. I was in Australia when your kind letter to me was written (March 29th), and did not get home until the end of June. It was some days later before I found it in the big talus of books, pamphlets, and letters piled on my desk. But you must come again. Editors should take a good long rest every year - a complete rest, especially after long-continued overwork has resulted in nervous prostration, None of you observations on the country, climate, conditions of living, etc. in long letters to the Democrat - a queer cure for overwork, particularly in the southern cities where real (unreal) estate agents make one dizzy with their confounded mean temperature. No, you must change all that. Come with your wife to the Sierra next spring and rest under a Sequoia or a sugar pine. Come to my house and make it your headquarters and home, and I\u27ll show you [how] it is done.If you come by the Santa Fe get off at Muir Station, near our house. If by Southern Pacific, stop at Martinez, within a mile and a half of our house. If by the Union and Central Pacific you had better go on to San Francisco and there take a Santa Fe train to Muir , which is only an hour and a half\u27s ride, including the sail across the bay to Pt. Richmond. You will find a summer in the Sierra a genuine recreation.I\u27ve been away more than a year, and have seen something of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand - the parks, gardens, art galleries, etc. of Europe, broad fertile Russia, the Crimea, Black Sea region, the forests and glaciers of the Caucasus, the broad densely forested ridges of the Ural Mountains.[Draft of letter evidently incomplete]0341

Job Changes and Wage Dynamics

In this paper we investigate the relation between wage growth and labour mobility on a panel of Italian dependent workers observed between 1986 and 1991. We use an employer-employee linked panel of 30167 workers, built from Italian Social Security (INPS) administrative sources. In order to investigate the impact of individual vs. firm characteristics on wage dynamics, we decompose individual wage change 1986-91 in two parts: the mean wage growth observed across firms of origin and firms of destination (the two coincide for the stayers), and the wage premium gained over the mean wage change by movers attributable to their own personal characteristics. Our main findings may be summarized as follows: 1 In general, movers do better than stayers at young age (20-30), but the difference tends to vanish as age progresses; 2 mover-stayer differentials are larger among white-collars than blue-collars, in line with the higher variance of earnings of the former; 3 total wage growth is driven by the wage - firm size positive correlation only for the blue-collars: job-switches from small to large firms often yield substantial pay improvements relative to stayers; job switches from large to small size often end up in wage cuts. For the white-collars, however, job changes in either direction tend to improve onÈs position relative to stayers; 4 there is a quasi-reverse pattern on the individual premiums of the blue-collars (switches from small to large carry negative premiums, from large to small positive). This is likely to be a consequence of firm-based wage policies, the impact of which by far exceeds that attributable to individual characteristics; 5 personal characteristics contribute, instead, to determine the white-collars' individual premiums. Job changes of adult and mature workers, presumably endowed with skills and experience, result in sizeable wage gains; 6 all workers employed at firms that either close down or go through drastic employment cuts during the observation period suffer wage losses; 7 prolonged unemployment spells have somewhat of a negative impact on the wage growth of white-collar employees (up to 5 p.p.), almost none on the blue-collars; 8 a certain amount of job-switching has a positive effect on the wage growth of the younger white-collars. If job changes become too frequent, however, its positive impact vanishes; 9 we find a rather strong effect of initial conditions on the wage profile of blue-collar employees, and almost none on the white-collars'; 10 there is evidence of a trade-off between job security and pay in concomitance with a job-to-job switch. When adverse shocks are in sight - as was the beginning of the Nineties - it is reasonable that people may leave their current position, if it is perceived at risk, giving up some pay for longer expected tenure, or may choose to accept a higher pay with a less reliable (i.e. more exposed to short-term fluctuations) employer. At the end of the paper I argue that there are reasons to believe that the extent of labor market segmentation may be increasing in the EU as a consequence of policies aiming at helping entry of youth into employment.

Kinematics of the X-shaped Milky Way Bulge: Expectations from a Self-consistent N-body Model

We explore the kinematics (both the radial velocity and the proper motion) of the vertical X-shaped feature in the Milky Way with an N-body bar/bulge model. From the solar perspective, the distance distribution of particles is double-peaked in fields passing through the X-shape. The separation and amplitude ratio between the two peaks qualitatively match the observed trends towards the Galactic bulge. We confirm clear signatures of cylindrical rotation in the pattern of mean radial velocity across the bar/bulge region. We also find possible imprints of coherent orbital motion inside the bar structure in the radial velocity distribution along l=0 degree, where the near and far sides of the bar/bulge show excesses of approaching and receding particles. The coherent orbital motion is also reflected in the slight displacement of the zero-velocity-line in the mean radial velocity, and the displacement of the maximum/minimum in the mean longitudinal proper motion across the bulge region. We find some degree of anisotropy in the stellar velocity within the X-shape, but the underlying orbital family of the X-shape cannot be clearly distinguished. Two potential applications of the X-shape in previous literature are tested, i.e., bulge rotation and Galactic center measurements. We find that the proper motion difference between the two sides of the X-shape can be used to estimate the mean azimuthal streaming motion of the bulge, but not the pattern speed of the bar. We also demonstrate that the Galactic center can be located with the X-shape, but the accuracy depends on the fitting scheme, the number of fields, and their latitudinal coverage.Comment: Minor changes to match the ApJ accepted version; 17 pages; emulateapj format. The electronic tables of our model result are available upon reques

Creating networks for success: social capital and recent college graduates

My thesis project is looking at how recent college graduates can utilize social capital to better adapt to their new business setting. By social capital, I mean the networks and relationships one builds with those around them. Social capital is used to build mutually beneficial relationships,and these connections can be very influential in a young professional’s career, among other things. The foundation of social capital also has an influence on an individual’s fondness and attachment to their current city and company. If they successfully cultivate social capital, the individual will better acclimate to their current city and company. I am interested in looking at this because I have an accepted an offer with PricewaterhouseCoopers in Dallas, and I have no prior contacts there. I will have to develop a whole new network of relationships, while those who live or attended school in Texas might already know people there. In order to look at how this can be done, I interview former Global Leadership Scholars students who graduated last year or the year before, so the classes of 2015 and 2014. They fall in one of the four quadrants (shown at the end of this document). I ask them various questions about their first three months on the job in their city and location, and I use QDA miner, (after the interviews have been transcribed), to highlight the similarities and differences between the different quadrants. I want to know what can make any person more successful in the adaptation, not just one type of person. I am not planning on directly asking how they developed their social networks. In a kind of qualitative and quantitative way, I plan on getting them to open-up and talk about their experiences without me directly asking them. Examples of questions include: 1. Dividing their day into buckets, both on weekdays and weekends. 2. Any specific turning points in their adjustment to their host city and company. 3. The extent of their socialization outside of work. 4. The friendliness of their office. As far as potential results, I hope to uncover reoccurring themes that help build their social capital. I believe that I will find that: • Building social capital plays a significant role in a new college graduate’s attachment to the current city and company • Social capital is key in forming professional relationships • Emotional attachment plays a large role in the fondness of their city and organization. • There may be idiosyncratic factors and self-representation bias in some of the interviews. Past literature has not specifically touched on how recent college graduates utilize social capital. It has, however, looked on how other various groups utilize social capital both in and out of the workplace. Literature has looked at: • Gender roles • Business relationships in Asia • Buyer’s willingness to pay • Online Social Networking in the workplace • International students and their attachment to their host cit