Effect of oral exposure of mycobacterium avium intracellulare on the protective imunity induced by BCG

The relative protective efficacy of oral administration of mycobacteria as compared to the conventional intradermal route of vaccination has been assessed in guinea pigs. Skin test reactivity to partially purified protein derivative and protective immunity to challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as parameters of protective immunity. Oral immunisation of guinea pigs either with BCG or with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare induces skin test reactivity and protective immunity comparable to that induced by intradermal route of vaccination. Oral exposure of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare prior to oral or intradermal dose of BCG did not interfere with the protective immunity induced by BCG in guinea pigs challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

The clinical meaning of histamine skin reactivity

The definition of the “atopic state”, i.e. subjects presenting at least one skin wheal with a minimum diameter of 3 mm induced by an allergen skin-prick test (ASPT), is based on the assumption that wheal size depends entirely on the amount of histamine produced in the antigen-antibody reaction. Several epidemiological studies have, however, demonstrated that an ASPT-elicited wheal is heavily modulated by “histamine skin reactivity” (HSR), i.e. the size of the wheal induced by a prick test performed with a given solution of histamine. HSR not only varies widely depending on the individual characteristics and geographical setting, but also changes over time; these differences in HSR markedly influence the amount of specific IgE required to produce a wheal of at least 3 mm in an ASPT. We should therefore ideally conceive the existence of two types of” atopic patients”: one type in whom “atopy” is mainly the result of an increased level of specific IgE antibodies, and another type in whom positive ASPTs are mainly the result of marked skin reactivity to even small amounts of histamine. If hyper-reactivity to histamine occurs not only in the skin but in parallel also in other parts of the organism, especially at the mucosal level, “normal” histamine production may cause chronic or recurrent clinical symptom

Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo.

Experiments were designed to study the effect of systemically administered IL-5 on local eosinophil accumulation induced by the intradermal injection of the chemokine eotaxin in the guinea pig. Intravenous interleukin-5 (IL-5) stimulated a rapid and dramatic increase in the numbers of accumulating eosinophils induced by i.d.-injected eotaxin and, for comparison, leukotriene B4. The numbers of locally accumulating eosinophils correlated directly with a rapid increase in circulating eosinophils: circulating eosinophil numbers were 13-fold higher 1 h after intravenous IL-5 (18.3 pmol/kg). This increase in circulating cells corresponded with a reduction in the number of displaceable eosinophils recovered after flushing out the femur bone marrow cavity. Intradermal IL-5, at the doses tested, did not induce significant eosinophil accumulation. We propose that these experiments simulate important early features of the tissue response to local allergen exposure in a sensitized individual, with eosinophil chemoattractant chemokines having an important local role in eosinophil recruitment from blood microvessels, and IL-5 facilitating this process by acting remotely as a hormone to stimulate the release into the circulation of a rapidly mobilizable pool of bone marrow eosinophils. This action of IL-5 would be complementary to the other established activities of IL-5 that operate over a longer time course

Kounis Syndrome Associated With Selective Anaphylaxis to Cefazolin.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

抗原および抗ヒトIgEに対する好塩基球の反応性. 1.好塩基球数の変化

Blood basophils in subjects with bronchial asthma migrate from blood stream into local allergic reaction sites after inhalation of antigen into airways. The phenomena can be observed by changes in number of basophils in the peripheral blood. The peripheral basophil count is at a normal level in non-attack stage of asthmatics as in healthy subjects. The basophil count increases in pre-attack stages, and decreases during attack stages. These findings suggest that number of basophils changes in close relation to asthma cycle, and that by observing number of basophils in the peripheral blood, it is possible to detect near future attacks. The decrease in number of basophils and histamine release by stimulation with antigen and anti-IgE can be observed in vitro in whole blood and basophils separated by density gradient centrifugation and by counterflow centrifugation elutriation. The decreased number of basophils in the peripheral blood represents migration of the cells into local allergic reaction sites.気管支喘息では,気道への抗原吸入後,好塩基球は末梢血よりアレルギー反応局所へと遊走する｡この現象は,末梢血中の好塩基球数の変動により観察することができる｡気管支喘息患者の好塩基球数は,非発作時には健常人とほぼ同じで正常範囲内にあるが,発作前段階で増加し,発作出現とともに減少する傾向を示す｡これらの所見は,好塩基球が喘息発作と密接な関連を持ちながら変動すること,そして,これらの変動を観察することにより,近い将来の発作を予知することが可能であることを示唆している｡抗原あるいは抗ヒトIgE刺激による好塩基球数の減少およびヒスタミン遊離は,全血法あるいは濃度勾配法やcounterflow centrifugation elutriation法により分離された好塩基球を用いてin vitroで観察することができる｡末梢血中の好塩基球数の減少は,好塩基球がアレルギー反応局所へと遊走したことを示している

SIAIP position paper: provocation challenge to antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) in childhood are mainly caused by betalactam or non-betalactam antibiotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Laboratory tests for identifying children who are allergic to drugs have low diagnostic accuracy and predictive value. The gold standard to diagnose DHR is represented by the drug provocation test (DPT), that aims of ascertaining the causative role of an allergen and evaluating the tolerance to the suspected drug. Different protocols through the administration of divided increasing doses have been postulated according to the type of drug and the onset of the reaction (immediate or non immediate reactions). DPT protocols differ in doses and time interval between doses. In this position paper, the Italian Pediatric Society for Allergy and Immunology provides a practical guide for provocation test to antibiotics and NSAIDs in children and adolescents