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    λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ μ œν’ˆκ΅° μš΄μ˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 관리 방법둠

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 산업곡학과, 2021. 2. ν™μœ μ„.κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œ μ œμ‘°μ—…μ²΄λ“€μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ œν’ˆμ„ μΆœμ‹œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ λ””μžμΈ μ „λž΅μ„ μ œν’ˆκ°œλ°œμ— μ μš©ν•΄μ™”λ‹€. λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ λ””μžμΈ μ „λž΅μ€ μ œν’ˆμ„ λͺ¨λ“ˆ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•œ ν›„, μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ μ‘°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ „λž΅μ΄λ‹€. λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ λ””μžμΈμ€ μ œμ‘°μ—…μ²΄κ°€ μ œν’ˆλ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ„ 달성할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ, μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” μ œν’ˆμ˜ μˆ˜κ°€ 무수히 λ§Žμ•„μ§€λ©΄μ„œ μ œν’ˆλ‹€μ–‘μ„±μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ•ˆ 쒋은 영ν–₯듀이 섀계 μ˜μ—­λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ‹œμž₯, 생산 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 싀정이닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ, λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ œν’ˆλ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ μ•ˆ 쒋은 영ν–₯을 쀄일 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 이λ₯Ό μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μš΄μ˜ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 관리(variety management) 방법둠을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 관리λ₯Ό μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ΅μ°¨μ˜μ—­ 관점과 λ³€μ’… μˆ˜μ€€ κ΄€μ μ˜ 접근이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. κ΅μ°¨μ˜μ—­ 관점은 μ œν’ˆλ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ΄ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μ‹œμž₯, 섀계, 생산 μ˜μ—­μ˜ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ˜ 연결관계λ₯Ό μ •λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λ©°, λ³€μ’… μˆ˜μ€€ 관점은 일반적인 μš”μ†Œ(elements) μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ ν•œ 단계 λ‚΄λ €κ°€ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 관리에 μ‹€μ œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜λŠ” 각 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ˜ λ³€μ’…λ“€(variants)을 μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 관리할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•œλ‹€. 이 두 가지 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ, λ³Έ 논문은 λ‹€μ–‘μ„± κ΄€λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 닀루어야 ν•  μ„Έ 가지 κ³Όμ œβ€“μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ λ³€μ’…μ˜ λ°œμƒ 방지, 섀계 λ³΅μž‘μ„± 감좕, μ‹œμž₯ 점유율과 λ³΅μž‘μ„± λΉ„μš© μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κ· ν˜• μž‘κΈ°β€“λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법둠을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 첫 번째 μ£Όμ œμ—μ„œλŠ”, μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜ 기반의 접근법을 ν™œμš©ν•œ λ³€μ’… 관리 μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜(VA, variation architecture)λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•˜μ—¬ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ λ³€μ’…μ˜ λ°œμƒμ„ λ°©μ§€ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 개발 μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ μ œν’ˆκ΅°μ„ κ°œλ°œν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ μ°Έμ‘° μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜λ‘œ, μ‹œμž₯ 속성, 섀계 λͺ¨λ“ˆ, 생산 μ„€λΉ„μ˜ 연결관계λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ΅μ°¨μ˜μ—­ μ—°κ²° λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. λ³€μ’… 관리 μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 일반 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ³„νšκ³Ό λ³€μ’… μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ³„νšμ„ ν•¨κ»˜ μ„ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 일반 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œλŠ” μš”μ†Œ κ°„ μ—°κ²°κ΄€κ³„μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ œν’ˆκ΅°μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± μˆ˜μ€€μ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜κ³ , λ³€μ’… μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œλŠ” λ³€μ’…λ“€ κ°„μ˜ μ‘°ν•© κ·œμΉ™μ„ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ—¬ λΆˆν•„μš”ν•œ λ³€μ’…μ˜ λ°œμƒμ„ μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ œμ‘°μ—…μ²΄κ°€ λ³€μ’… 관리 μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ•„ν‚€ν…μ²˜ ꡬ좕 ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 사둀 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μžλ™μ°¨ ν”„λ‘ νŠΈμ„€μ‹œ μ œν’ˆκ΅°μ„ 톡해 μ œν’ˆ 및 λ³€μ’…μ˜ 수λ₯Ό μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 쀄일 수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여 쀌으둜써 ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬μ˜ μ‹€μš©μ„±μ„ κ²€μ¦ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ ν‘œμ€€ν™” κ°œλ…μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ³€μ’…λ“€ κ°„μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κ΄€κ³„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 섀계 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ 섀계 방법둠은 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ ν‘œμ€€ μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν—ˆμš©ν•œλ‹€. λͺ¨λ“ˆ 변쒅듀을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•˜λ©΄, μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ˜ μˆ˜μ™€ μ μš©λ²”μœ„μ— 따라 λͺ¨λ“ˆλŸ¬ μ œν’ˆκ΅°μ˜ 전체 ꡬ쑰가 달라지고 섀계 λ³΅μž‘μ„± λ˜ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ–‘μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ˜ 선택에 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ” 두 가지 λ³΅μž‘μ„± μ§€ν‘œλ₯Όβ€“μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ ν‘œμ€€ν™” λ³΅μž‘μ„±κ³Ό 톡합 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„β€“μ •μ˜ν•œλ‹€. μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ ν‘œμ€€ν™” λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ€ ν‘œμ€€ μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 섀계할 λ•Œ, λͺ¨λ“ˆ λ³€μ’… μ„€κ³„μž κ°„μ˜ μ‘°μœ¨μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ λ§¨μ•„μ›Œ(person-hour)λ₯Ό κ³„μ‚°ν•˜κ³ , 톡합 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ€ 각각의 λͺ¨λ“ˆ λ³€μ’…κ³Ό μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•©λœ μ œν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯의 μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ, μœ„μƒμ  λ³΅μž‘μ„±(topological complexity) μ§€ν‘œλ₯Ό 기반으둜 μΈ‘μ •ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 두 가지 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„ μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜λŠ” μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ 섀계 λŒ€μ•ˆμ„ μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•œ ν”„λ ˆμž„μ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. 사둀 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 이의 μ μš©μ„±μ„ 보여주기 μœ„ν•΄ ν”„λ‘ νŠΈμ„€μ‹œ μ œν’ˆκ΅°μ— λ§žλŠ” 졜적의 μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€ μˆ˜μ™€ μ œν’ˆκ΅° ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ„μΆœν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ£Όμ œμ—μ„œλŠ”, μ‹œμž₯ 점유율과 λ³΅μž‘μ„± λΉ„μš©μ˜ κ· ν˜•μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ” 졜적 μ œν’ˆ μ’…μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ΅œμ ν™” λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ°œλ°œν•œλ‹€. μ΅œμ ν™” λͺ¨λΈμ€ μ œν’ˆμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“ˆ 변쒅을 기반으둜 λͺ¨λΈλ§λ˜κ³ , μ œν’ˆ 및 λͺ¨λ“ˆ μ’…μˆ˜κ°€ 증가함에 따라 μ‹œμž₯ 점유율의 증가뢄이 쀄어듀고, λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λ³΅μž‘μ„± λΉ„μš©μ˜ 증가뢄은 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œλ‹€. μ‹œμž₯ μ μœ μœ¨μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ„€μŠ€ν‹°λ“œ λ‘œμ§“ λͺ¨λΈ(nested logit model)을 기반으둜 ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš” λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ°œλ°œν•œλ‹€. λ„€μŠ€ν‹°λ“œ λ‘œμ§“ λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œλŠ” 동일 μ œν’ˆκ΅° λ‚΄ μ œν’ˆλ“€μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œμž₯ 점유율의 증가뢄이 μ€„μ–΄λ“œλŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 제둜베이슀 원가계산 접근법(zero-based costing approach)을 ν™œμš©ν•œ λ³΅μž‘μ„± λΉ„μš© λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ„μž…ν•œλ‹€. 이 μ ‘κ·Όλ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” μ œν’ˆ ν˜Ήμ€ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ μ’…μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œ λ‹¨μœ„μ”© λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚  λ•Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λΉ„μš©μ„ λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μˆ˜μš” λͺ¨λΈκ³Ό λ³΅μž‘μ„± λΉ„μš© λͺ¨λΈμ„ ν•©μΉœ μ΅œμ ν™” λͺ¨λΈ(optimization model)을 λͺ¨λΈλ§ν•˜μ—¬ 졜적 μ œν’ˆ μ’…μˆ˜μ™€ μ œν’ˆμ˜ λͺ¨λ“ˆ ꡬ성을 λ„μΆœν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. 사둀 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 민감도 뢄석을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ 각 상황별 μ΅œμ ν•΄κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 지 보여주어 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•œλ‹€.Global manufacturing companies have been achieving product variety by implementing a modular design strategy in which product variants are created by combining, adding, or substituting modules. Providing a high variety of products, however, causes negative effects not only on design but also on market and production. Variety management that defines the right range of variants is one of the most critical issues for most of the manufacturing companies. This thesis aims to propose methodologies that enable companies to systematically reduce negative effects of variety. In order to achieve successful variety management, this study approaches the issue from two viewpoints: cross-domain and variant-level viewpoints. A cross-domain viewpoint supports establishing relationships between elements in market, design, and production domain that are affected by product variety, and a variant-level viewpoint enables to explicitly manage variants of elements that are the main source of negative effects. In these viewpoints, this thesis focuses on dealing with three important challenges in variety management: to prevent unexpected variants, to reduce design complexity, and to balance market share and complexity cost. In the first theme, an architecture-based approach named variation architecture is introduced to prevent unexpected variants. Variation architecture (VA) is defined as a reference architecture for a modular product family providing the scheme by which variants in market, design, and production domain are arranged by cross-domain mapping mechanisms. The VA consists of generic-level and variant-level plans. At the generic-level, mapping types between domain elements are determined, and at the variant-level, combination rules between variants are set to reduce unexpected variants. Then, a framework is proposed to increase the practicality of the VA so that its compositions are well defined. In the case study, the framework is applied to an automobile front chassis family. The result shows that the number of module variants is significantly reduced compared to the current number of variants in operation. Secondly, the concept of interface standardization is introduced to manage design complexity caused by complicated combinations between module variants. This theme proposes an interface design methodology that addresses multiple standard interfaces in a modular product family. A product family structure is changed by implementing multiple standard interfaces, generating design complexity. This study defines two complexities resulting from the introduction of multiple standard interfaces: standardization effort and integration effort. Standardization effort is estimated as a required person-hours for coordinating module variants to design a standard interface, and integration effort is measured as an effort to integrate all design elements based on the concept of topological complexity. A framework is proposed to identify an optimal product family structure that minimizes the two complexities. In the case study, the proposed framework identifies an optimal structure and the number of standard interfaces for the front chassis family. Then, the study conducts a sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the methodologys applicability in interface management. In the last theme, an optimization model is developed to identify an optimal product variety to balance market share and complexity cost. The model focuses on module variants, not just product variants, because a modular product family creates product variants by combining module variants. The model reflects the trends of concave increase in market share and convex increase in complexity cost as the number of variety increases. A demand model is developed by the nested logit model that shows the concavity of market share based on the similarity of product variants in the same family, and a complexity cost model is constructed by the zero-based costing approach that an incremental cost is estimated as a variant is added. Combining the models, an optimization model is formulated to find an optimal variety and configurations of product variants. The case study demonstrates the models effectiveness by analyzing optimal solutions in various situations.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Variety Management 1 1.2 Variety Management Challenges 5 1.3 Research Proposal: How to Deal with the Challenges? 7 1.4 Structure of Thesis 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 2.1 Variety Management Methodologies 11 2.1.1 Modular product family design 11 2.1.2 Product family architecture 13 2.1.3 Classification of the contributions 15 2.2 Modular Design and Complexity 17 2.2.1 Modular design 17 2.2.2 Interface design 19 2.2.3 Design complexity 20 2.3 Product Family Design and Variety 22 2.3.1 Product family design 22 2.3.2 Variety optimization 25 Chapter 3 Variation Architecture for Reducing the Generation of Unexpected Variants 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.1.1 Generation of unexpected variants 29 3.1.2 Needs for a systematic approach 31 3.2 Variation Architecture (VA) 33 3.2.1 Generic-level planning 34 3.2.2 Variant-level planning 41 3.3 Framework for Planning Product Variety 46 3.4 Application 47 3.4.1 Case description 47 3.4.2 Construction of variation architecture (VA) 49 3.4.3 Result and discussion 53 3.5 Summary 57 Chapter 4 Variant-level Interface Design for Reducing Design Complexity 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Variant-level Interface Design 61 4.3 Interface Design Complexity 64 4.3.1 Standardization effort 66 4.3.2 Integration effort 71 4.4 Framework for Variant-level Interface Design 76 4.5 Case Study 79 4.5.1 Application of the framework 79 4.5.2 Analysis and discussion 84 4.6 Summary 88 Chapter 5 Optimizing Product Variety for Balancing Market Share and Complexity Cost 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Evidence of the impact of variety on market share 94 5.3 Planning of Product Configurations 96 5.3.1 Product family architecture 96 5.3.2 Product configuration 98 5.4 Variety Optimization Model 100 5.4.1 Demand model 100 5.4.2 Complexity cost model 104 5.4.3 Optimization model 108 5.5 Case Study 110 5.5.1 Case description 110 5.5.2 Data source 112 5.5.3 Optimization setting 113 5.5.4 Result 115 5.5.5 Discussion 118 5.6 Summary 122 Chapter 6 Conclusion 125 6.1 Summary of Contributions 125 6.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions 127 Bibliography 129 Appendix A Variant-level Plan of a Front Chassis Family 147 Appendix B Adjacency and Combination Matrices of a Front Chassis Family 151 ꡭ문초둝 155Docto
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