Fluorimetric study of interaction between europium coordination complexes and DNA

Lanthanide coordination complexes have found numerous applications in a number of areas, including laser techniques, fluorescent analysis, biomedical assays. Likewise, they exhibit antitumor properties. Eu(III) tris-β-diketonato complexes (EC) are newly synthesized compounds with high anticancer activity. Despite extensive studies, the detailed mechanism of their biological effects is far from being resolved. Examining the interactions between EC and biological molecules in model systems is essential for deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind their biological activity. In the present work we employed fluorescent probe acridine orange (AO) to investigate EC-DNA interaction. AO-DNA binding was followed by the marked fluorescence increase detected at 530 nm. EC addition suppressed this fluorescent changes. EC were found to differ in their ability to modify AO-DNA interactions. EC4 and EC6 have demonstrated the most pronounced effect on AO-DNA binding. AO-DNA complexation occurs predominantly via intercalation mode. EC are large planar structures, whose DNA intercalating ability was reported to increase with the planarity of ligands. It seems likely that AO and EC can compete for the binding sites on DNA molecule

FRET Studies of the Interaction of Dimeric Cyanine Dyes with DNA

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool to determine distances between chromophores bound to macromolecules, since the efficiency of the energy transfer from an initially excited donor to an acceptor strongly depends on the distance between the two dye molecules. The structure of the noncovalent complex of double-strand DNA (dsDNA) with thiazol orange dimers (TOTO) allows FRET analysis of two intercalated chromophores. By intercalation of two different TOTO dyes we observe an energy transfer from TOTO-1 as donor and TOTO-3 as acceptor. In this manner we are able to determine the mean distance between two proximate TOTO molecules bound to dsDNA. Thus the maximum number of binding positions for this type of intercalation dyes in the dsDNA can be obtained. Furthermore the dependency of the acceptor emission on the donor concentration is analysed. The emission of TOTO-3 reaches a maximum when the acceptor-to-donor ratio is 1:1

Acridine orange fluorescence in chromosome cytochemistry: Molecular modeling rationale for understanding the differential fluorescence on double- and single-stranded nucleic acids

Many fluorophores display interesting features that make them useful biological labels and dyes, particularly in Cell Biology and Cytogenetics. Changes in the absorption-emission spectra (ortho- and metachromasia) are accounted among them. Acridine orange (AO) is one of such fluorochromes with an exemplary orthochromatic vs. metachromatic emission, which depends on its concentration and binding mode to different cell substrates. Here, we revisit the differential AO fluorescence that occurs in selected biological materials, which allows the identification of single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids. Although known for a long time, the ultimate reason for this differential phenomenon has not been properly addressed. We propose a potential molecular mechanism that adequately accounts for the distinct AO emission when bound either to denatured or denatured-reassociated DNA. This mechanism, based on theoretical molecular modelling, implies a difference in the degree of overlap of excited state orbitals whenever AO molecules are interacting with bases from single- or double-stranded nucleic acids. In the first case, massive orbital overlapping leads to a metachromatic red AO emission. Otherwise, no excited-state orbital overlapping occurs, due to excessive distance between intercalated AO molecules, which manifests as orthochromatic green fluorescence. Our molecular modelling supports this interplay between orbital overlap/not overlap and metachromatic/orthochromatic fluorescenc

Towards Understanding the Structure, Dynamics and Bio-activity of Diabetic Drug Metformin

Small molecules are often found to exhibit extraordinarily diverse biological activities. Metformin is one of them. It is widely used as anti-diabetic drug for type-two diabetes. In addition to that, metformin hydrochloride shows anti-tumour activities and increases the survival rate of patients suffering from certain types of cancer namely colorectal, breast, pancreas and prostate cancer. However, theoretical studies of structure and dynamics of metformin have not yet been fully explored. In this work, we investigate the characteristic structural and dynamical features of three mono-protonated forms of metformin hydrochloride with the help of experiments, quantum chemical calculations and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We validate our force field by comparing simulation results to that of the experimental findings. Nevertheless, we discover that the non-planar tautomeric form is the most stable. Metformin forms strong hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and its solvation dynamics show unique features. Because of an extended positive charge distribution, metformin possesses features of being a permanent cationic partner toward several targets. We study its interaction and binding ability with DNA using UV spectroscopy, circular dichroism, fluorimetry and metadynamics simulation. We find a non-intercalating mode of interaction. Metformin feasibly forms a minor/major groove-bound state within a few tens of nanoseconds, preferably with AT rich domains. A significant decrease in the free-energy of binding is observed when it binds to a minor groove of DNA.Comment: 60 pages, 24 figure

G-quadruplexes and their ligands: Biophysical methods to unravel g-quadruplex/ligand interactions

Funding Information: (PD/00065/2013). This work was supported by PESSOA program ref. 5079 and project “Projeto de Investigação Exploratória” ref. IF/00959/2015 entitled “NCL targeting by G-quadruplex aptamers for cervical cancer therapy” financed by Fundo Social Europeu e Programa Operacional Potencial Humano. Thanks are due to FCT/MCT for the financial support of the CICS-UBI UIDB/00709/2020 research unit and to the Portuguese NMR Network (ROTEIRO/0031/2013-PINFRA/22161/2016), through national funds and, where applicable, supported by European Investment Funds FEDER through COMPETE 2020, POCI, PORL and PIDDAC.Progress in the design of G-quadruplex (G4) binding ligands relies on the availability of approaches that assess the binding mode and nature of the interactions between G4 forming sequences and their putative ligands. The experimental approaches used to characterize G4/ligand interactions can be categorized into structure-based methods (circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography), affinity and apparent affinity-based methods (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and mass spectrometry (MS)), and high-throughput methods (fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-melting, G4-fluorescent intercalator displacement assay (G4-FID), affinity chromatography and microarrays. Each method has unique advantages and drawbacks, which makes it essential to select the ideal strategies for the biological question being addressed. The structural-and affinity and apparent affinity-based methods are in several cases complex and/or time-consuming and can be combined with fast and cheap high-throughput approaches to improve the design and development of new potential G4 ligands. In recent years, the joint use of these techniques permitted the discovery of a huge number of G4 ligands investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Overall, this review article highlights in detail the most commonly used approaches to characterize the G4/ligand interactions, as well as the applications and types of information that can be obtained from the use of each technique.publishersversionpublishe

Molecular Modelling of a novel G-quadruplex structure and its interaction with ligands

DNA can exist under many different forms. Lately, G-quadruplexes, which are one example of the non-canonical DNA forms, have been getting a lot of attention due to the role they play in certain biological processes and as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. For example, these structures can exist in certain parts of the telomeres, structures responsible for cell replication. In cancer cells, if the enzyme telomerase could be inhibited, by inducing the formation of a G-quadruplex structure in guanine-rich telomere sequences, the spread of cancer cells would cease. For this and other reasons, it becomes important to be able to induce the formation of G-quadruplex structures and/or stabilize them, and one of the ways of doing so consists of targeting these sequences with ligands that have good affinity to G-quadruplex structures. However, few G-quadruplex ligands demonstrated the needed properties to fulfill the clinical needs, and further efforts to determine which would be better suited to target any particular sequence are needed. This work aimed at comparing the affinity to the pre-miR-149 G-quadruplex structure of seven promising ligands found in the literature, through the latest techniques fit for that purpose. The seven ligands tested were: [16]phenN2, [32]phen2N4, phen-DC3, pyridostatin, acridine orange derivatives C8 and C8-NH2 and L-arginine. Firstly, they underwent computational tests, with the molecular structure of the quadruplex and the ligand being simulated, and their optimal binding site and conformation found. Their binding energies were compared, and they underwent molecular dynamics runs to simulate their behavior in an environment with solvent, followed by another binding energy comparison. The trend obtained in order of decreasing binding affinity was: pyridostatin > [32]phen2N4 > [16]phenN2 > Phen-DC3 > L-arginine > C8 > C8-NH2. Biophysical techniques were then performed, to determine the binding affinities experimentally. First, circular dichroism spectroscopy and melting studies (performed on four ligands) established the following trend: C8 > pyridostatin > C8-NH2 > [16]phenN2. Fluorescence spectroscopy titration (performed on three) revealed a similar trend: C8 > C8-NH2 > [16]phenN2. Lastly, affinity chromatography experiments were held to test how other DNA sequences would bind to C8-NH2. The results revealed that the ligand has better binding affinity with parallel quadruplexes over antiparallel ones, and poor binding with a duplex sequence. Overall, the best ligands identified for binding to the G-quadruplex structure were the acridine orange derivatives C8 and C8-NH2, and pyridostatin. These three ligands should be considered prime candidates for further research in this area.ADN pode existir sob a forma de diversas estruturas, contrariamente ao que a vasta maioria da população pensa, ao imaginar a dupla hélice de Watson e Crick. Uma das formas que tem sido mais investigada ultimamente consiste no G-quadruplex. Esta estrutura não canónica do DNA ocorre quando guaninas se emparelham e organizam em estruturas cíclicas através de pontes de hidrogénio Hoogsteen, chamadas G-quartetos. Estas estruturas formam-se por empilhamento p-p entre elas próprias, originando o G-quadruplex, desde que haja um catião (preferivelmente K+) para assumir uma localização central entre todos os quartetos. Estas estruturas desempenham funções importantes a nível de regulação da transcrição e replicação do DNA. Alguns estudos indicam também que podem ser relevantes a nível de manutenção do DNA, e que várias secções do DNA humano se encontram num estado de equilíbrio entre a forma de G-quadruplex e duplex. São também considerados alvos para certas abordagens terapêuticas a nível do cancro. Por exemplo, vários oncogenes como c-kit e c-myc têm a capacidade de formar G-quadruplexes nos seus promotores. Controlando a forma que estes genes assumem, seria possível controlar a sua transcrição, e possivelmente impedir a formação de cancro. Outra possibilidade cinge-se à inibição da telomerase, uma enzima responsável pela replicação celular, que está sobreexpressa em células cancerígenas. Se uma parte do telómero assumir uma estrutura em G-quadruplex, a ação desta enzima fica inibida, efetivamente parando a progressão do cancro. Portanto, torna-se necessário induzir e estabilizar a formação de estruturas do G-quadruplex. A estratégia é utilizar ligandos que interajam por interações intermoleculares de forma a estabilizar a estrutura do G-quadruplex, e outra topologia que esteja em equilíbrio. No entanto, analisando a literatura, conclui-se que apenas alguns grupos de ligandos são efetivamente ligandos de G-quadruplex. Este trabalho de investigação teve como objetivo comparar 7 ligandos promissores da estrutura de G-quadruplex designada por pre-miR-149 literatura. Os ligandos selecionados foram macrociclos derivados de fenantrolina ([16]phenN2, [32]phen2N4, Phen-DC3, e derivados de laranja de acridina C8 e C8-NH2. Determinou-se a afinidade e a estabilização destes ligandos com a estrutura do RNA G-quadruplex, a pre-miR-149. Isso será feito em duas etapas principais. Primeiro, foram realizadas simulações computacionais para determinar quais os ligandos mais promissores e quais os seus métodos de interação com a estrutura G-quadruplex. Estas dividiram-se em três passos: primeiro, foram geradas as estruturas da sequência e de cada ligando em software adequado. Segundo, foram feitas simulações de docking de modo a averiguar os locais de ligação de cada ligando ao G-quadruplex, e a conformação e interações entre o ligando e o quadruplex, sendo também calculadas energias de ligação entre o ligando e o G-quadruplex. Finalmente, foram feitas simulações de dinâmica molecular sobre como essa conformação evoluiria num ambiente fisiológico simulado e calculadas novas energias de ligação, que comparadas entre si, revelam diferenças de afinidades entre os ligandos. Após estas técnicas computacionais, foram executadas técnicas biofísicas, como espetroscopia de dicroísmo circular e estudos de desnaturação térmica, e espectroscopia de fluorescência para determinar experimentalmente as afinidades de cada ligando para com a estrutura escolhida. Foram também executadas experiências de cromatografia de afinidade para determinar o comportamento de um ligando para com sequência do RNA G-quadruplex, a pre-miR-149. O programa usado para avaliar as conformações iniciais gerou estruturas demasiado rígidas e pouco flexíveis com os ligandos macrocíclicos [16]phenN2 e [32]phen2N4. As energias de ligação obtidas revelaram a nível de afinidade a seguinte ordem decrescente: piridostatina > [32]phen2N4 > [16]phenN2 > PhenDC3 > L-arginina > C8 > C8-NH2. Esta tendência não foi a mesma verificada experimentalmente, e logo, foi descartada. A nível destas experiências, retiram-se maioritariamente apenas as conformações dos ligandos que não são macrociclos. A nível das experiências de dicroísmo circular mencionadas, as variações de temperatura de desnaturação térmica ligando-quadruplex foram diferentes,verificando-se a seguinte ordem: C8 > piridostatina > C8-NH2 > [16]phenN2. Seguidamente, foram realizadas titulações por espectroscopia de fluorescência as quais revelaram a seguinte tendência: C8 > C8-NH2 > [16]phenN2. De notar que apenas quatro dos sete ligandos ([16]phenN2, [32]phen2N4, C8 and C8-NH2) possuíam fluorescência intrínseca, e que desses, apenas estes três puderam ser selecionados. Estes resultados mostraram que a piridostatina, e derivados de laranja de acridina C8 e C8-NH2 apresentaram maior afinidade para esta estrutura de G-quadruplex. Por último, os resultados de cromatografia de afinidade revelaram que o ligando C8-NH2 tem maior afinidade com o RNA G-quadruplex pre-miR-149 . Das seis sequências testadas, três delas (c-myc, c-kit e pre-miR-149) formam G-quadruplexes com topologia paralela, e tiveram tempos de retenção mais altos. Outras sequências (TBA e AG23) formam G-quadruplexes com topologia antiparalela, e mostram tempos de retenção mais baixos. A sequência ds26 (duplex) teve o tempo de retenção mais baixo. Conclui-se que este ligando tem maior especificidade para com G-quadruplexes com topologia paralela em detrimento do duplex. As simulações de docking corroboram esta conclusão. Deste modo, conclui-se que os melhores ligandos a nível de afinidade para com a sequência pre-miR-149 são os derivados de laranja de acridina C8 e C8-NH2 e a piridostatina, de modo que futura investigação nesta área deve considerar estes três como fortes candidatos a ligandos de RNA G-quadruplex

Characterization of the bisintercalative DNA binding mode of a bifunctional platinum–acridine agent

The DNA interactions of PT-BIS(ACRAMTU) ([Pt(en)(ACRAMTU)(2)](NO(3))(4); ACRAMTU = 1-[2-(acridin-9-ylamino)ethyl]-1,3-dimethylthiourea, en = ethylenediamine), a bifunctional platinum–acridine conjugate, have been studied in native and synthetic double-stranded DNAs and model duplexes using various biophysical techniques. These include ethidium-DNA fluorescence quenching and thermal melting experiments, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and plasmid unwinding assays. In addition, the binding mode was studied in a short octamer by NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular modeling. In alternating copolymers, PT-BIS(ACRAMTU) shows a distinct preference for poly(dA-dT)(2), which is ∼3-fold higher than that of ACRAMTU. In the ligand-oligomer complex, d(GCTATAGC)(2)·PT-BIS(ACRAMTU) (complex I*), PT-BIS(ACRAMTU) increases the thermal stability of the B-form host duplex by ΔT(m) > 30 K (CD and UV melting experiments). The agent unwinds pSP73 plasmid DNA by 44(±2)° per bound molecule, indicating bisintercalative binding. A 2-D NMR study unequivocally demonstrates that PT-BIS(ACRAMTU)'s chromophores deeply bisintercalate into the 5′-TA/TA base pair steps in I*, while the platinum linker lies in the minor groove. An AMBER model reflecting the NMR results shows that bracketing of the central AT base pairs in a classical nearest neighbor excluded fashion is feasible. PT-BIS(ACRAMTU) inhibits DNA hydrolysis by BstZ17 I at the enzyme's restriction site, GTA↓TAC. Possible consequences for other relevant DNA–protein interactions, such as those involved in TATA-box-mediated transcription initiation and the utility of the platinum-intercalator technology for the design of sequence-specific agents are discussed