Human Resources Management in the Knowledge Management

Knowledge is increasingly claimed to be a key critical resource and source of competitive advantage in the modern global economy, especially with the rise of the service economy, the growth in the number of ‘knowledge workers’, the increasingly rapid flow of global information, and the growing recognition of the importance of intellectual capital and intellectual property rights. Knowledge, with its intangible aspects, is becoming a defining characteristic of economic activities, as opposed to tangibles such as goods, services or production processes. The rise of the knowledge economy has seen a proliferation of information and communication technologies, coupled with greater organizational complexity, the growth of virtual and global organizations and rapid change. This in turn requires drastic change within HRM to respond to changing demands of the knowledge economy.human resources management, knowledge management, knowledge economy

Intellectual Property Rights and South-North Formation of Global Innovation Networks

With the rise of the knowledge economy, delivering sound innovation policies requires a thorough understanding of how knowledge is produced and diffused. This paper takes a step to analyze a new form of globalization, the so-called system of Global Innovation Networks (GINs), to shed light on how the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) influences their creation and development. We focus on the role of IPR protection in fostering international innovative activities in emerging economies (South), such as China and India, and more generally, how IPRs affect the development of GINs between newly industrialized countries and OECD countries. Using both survey-based firm-level and country-level global data, we find IPRs to be an important determinant of participation in GINS from a Southern perspective. We find IPR protection at home and its harmonization across county pairs foster South-North formation of GINs. We also find that a stringent regime in the destination country discourages foreign international innovative activities that originate in NICs. Both levels of our analysis confirm the ICT industry, particularly the hardware segment, to rely on IPRs when engaging in the international outsourcing and offshoring of innovation or in patenting activities abroad.Gravity Model, Information Communication Technology, Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights, International collaborations, Networks

Intellectual Property Rights and South-North Formation of Global Innovation Networks

With the rise of the knowledge economy; delivering sound innovation policies requires a thorough understanding of how knowledge is produced and diffused. This paper takes a step to analyze a new form of globalization; the so-called system of Global Innovation Networks (GINs); to shed light on how the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) influences their creation and development. We focus on the role of IPR protection in fostering international innovative activities in emerging economies (South); such as China and India; and more generally; how IPRs affect the development of GINs between newly industrialized countries and OECD countries. Using both survey-based firm-level and country-level global data; we find IPRs to be an important determinant of participation in GINS from a Southern perspective. We find IPR protection at home and its harmonization across county pairs foster South-North formation of GINs. We also find that a stringent regime in the destination country discourages foreign international innovative activities that originate in NICs. Both levels of our analysis confirm the ICT industry; particularly the hardware segment; to rely on IPRs when engaging in the international outsourcing and offshoring of innovation or in patenting activities abroad.Gravity Model; Information Communication Technology; Innovation; Intellectual Property Rights; International collaborations; Networks

Information and intellectual property: The global challenges

The paper analyses the contribution of 'golden papers' - seminal works whose ideas remain as fresh and relevant today as when they were first published decades ago - and which continue to dominate academic discourse among successive generations of scholars. The authors analyse why two works written within an industrial development context: The simple economics of basic scientific research, by Richard Nelson (1959) and Kenneth Arrows Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention (1962), are so relevant in today’s knowledge-driven economic paradigm. Focusing on the papers’ application to current global policy debates on information/knowledge and intellectual property, they argue that while the context has changed the essential nature of innovation - driven by widespread access to the ability to replicate and improve - remains the same. Hence a focus on endogenous innovation policy is as relevant today as it was 50 years ago.knowledge economy, science and technology, innovation, intellectual property rights, institutional change

Australian intellectual property report 2013

This report provides a collation of data and information about the intellectual property (IP) system in Australia, where Australia sits in the global IP system, and how it measures up against other countries. It is the first in a regular series of publications about the IP system.  The report highlights key developments in IP rights: China is now the top destination for Australians filing trade mark applications abroad. Eastern states (QLD, NSW, VIC and TAS) have seen double digit growth in patent filings for 2012. Australians file more patents in the USA than in Australia.90% of patent applications in Australia are from foreign applicants. Advanced economies are shifting from tangible assets to intangibles like research and development, skills and branding. Australia has not yet made this shift with primary industries still supporting our place in the global economy. &nbsp

One Size Does Not Fit All: A Framework for Tailoring Intellectual Property Rights

The United States and its trading partners have adopted cultural and innovation policies under which the government grants one-size-fits-all patents and copyrights to inventors and authors. On a global basis, the reasons for doing so vary, but in the United States granting intellectual property rights has been justified as the principal means of promoting innovation and cultural progress. Until recently, however, few have questioned the wisdom of using such blunt policy instruments to promote progress in a wide range of industries in which the economics of innovation varies considerably. Provisionally accepting the assumptions of the traditional economic case for intellectual property, this Article scrutinizes the presumption of uniformity in patent and copyright law and makes three contributions. First, it suggests three overarching metrics policymakers should use when choosing among innovation-related policies: (1) the government’s comparative ability to direct resources toward innovation likely to lead to success; (2) the policy’s “administrability;” and (3) the questions of political economy likely to effect a policy’s success. From this analysis, the case for intellectual property rights emerges as a second-best solution based on the uncertainty of innovation and the comparatively better information possessed by private innovators. Second, this Article shows that these same three metrics supply the case for uniform intellectual property rights within the distinct domains of patent and copyright law as a default initial domestic policy. Third, intellectual property law is part of a dynamic system, and information obtained over time will support proposals to tailor patents and copyrights to improve their performance as innovation policy. Indeed, the distinction between patent and copyright law is a form of high-level tailoring, and in addition patent and copyright law each has been tailored in a number of ways by Congress, the federal courts, and administrative agencies. Intellectual property scholarship lacks a framework for assessing existing and proposed tailoring measures. This Article proposes such a framework derived from the logic of the traditional economic case for intellectual property. This framework applies to a wide range of pending policy questions, such as whether, or to what extent, software, business methods, tax shelters, or living organisms should be patentable and whether, or to what extent, statutory licenses should be granted for certain types of copyrighted works or for certain types of use, and whether fashion design should receive sui generis protection

Lessons From Studying the International Economics of Intellectual Property Rights

When the Uruguay Round negotiations began in 1986, the subject of intellectual property rights ( IPRs ) was completely unfamiliar to international trade economists. Presumably the area was ignored because global trade policy concerns had not moved into questions of domestic business regulation. Even today, readers will search in vain for serious treatments of the trade implications of exclusive rights to intellectual property ( IP ) in international economics textbooks. Despite this general inattention, a small but growing literature has emerged in which trade economists have framed specific questions and applied theory and statistical analysis to them. This literature has advanced the understanding of the role of IPRs in the international economy from the realm of speculation to the boundary of hard analysis based on facts and evidence. It has demonstrated that it is possible to use data to assess hypotheses about the economics of global intellectual property protection. Prior to the construction of the evidence that is the subject of this Article, strong claims based on largely unexamined assumptions were made on both sides of the debate. Thus, for example, American trade authorities could push global negotiations on higher standards of protection by claiming that they would result in a long-term flowering of innovation and international technology transfer. Opponents could oppose such standards on the basis of fears that stronger IPRs would destroy channels of inexpensive access to technologies, medicines, and information products. Evidence suggests that there is some truth in both claims, but far more exaggeration. In this Article, I provide an overview of what international economists have learned from studying IPRs in the global context. While progress has been made, many of the results remain subject to statistical and analytical uncertainty and wide areas of research remain insufficiently explored. There is much about the functioning of IPRs that we do not understand very well, particularly in the context of promoting economic development

Intellectual property in the digital economy: theoretical and practical aspects

Intellectual property is one of the key resources for the development of the digital economy. The results of the creative work of human intelligence contribute to the development of digital technologies, participate in the formation of an independent, global digital market, and provide significant income from the export of services in the field of intellectual property. The article reveals the essence of intellectual property and presents mechanisms for the dissemination of the results of intellectual activity. The relevance of the study lies in the growing role of intellectual property in the digital economy and in the need to timely understand the benefits of using digital technologies, assess the risks associated with the unfair use of intellectual property, transfer of science-intensive developments, the growth of cybercrime, and unauthorized access to personal data. The purpose of this study is to determine the possibilities of using digital technologies in the field of intellectual property management. The paper presents projects for the creation of information retrieval systems for registration and protection of intellectual property rights, notes software systems focused on platform solutions and the use of end-to-end technologies that allow automating operations related to the formal examination of applications for state registration of intellectual property objects. The necessity of developing transfer of the results of intellectual activity, which is a key element of the innovation process, facilitating the transfer of knowledge from the research environment to the real sector of the economy, has been substantiated. The specifics of licensing, which allows research organizations and innovative companies to transfer intellectual property to counterparties, using the capabilities of the market mechanism, are described. Based on the content analysis of the works of Russian and foreign scientists, the expediency of cooperation between academic organizations and manufacturing companies, which contributes to the activation of innovation and obtaining an increase in innovation, is noted. The advantages and disadvantages of using digital technologies in science and education, in exchange processes and commercial activities are determined. In conclusion, it is noted that managing the development of digital technologies requires adapting the regulatory legal framework of Russian and international legislation in the field of intellectual property to new types of relations arising in the formation of the digital economy

The Development Strategy of Agricultural Geographical Indications in China

Geographical indication (GI) is one of the intellectual property rights protected by the World Trade Organization. Statistics shows that most GIs are related to agricultural products in China, the development of GIs is of great significance to rural China’s economy. In 2015, China adopted the “internet plus” strategy which brings a wonderful opportunity to the development of agricultural GIs. Although the supportive policies introduced by government, the rapid development of online shopping, and the booming of agricultural e-commerce in rural China are favorable to the development of agricultural GIs, there are still some problems to be solved. This study proposes that government should play a leading role in constructing information network infrastructure and some other aspects; the production and promotion of agro-products based on GIs should be subsided; the development of GIs-related professional associations should be accelerated. In addition, brand management and the exploration of global market are also essential factors. This study can be referable for policy makers and agricultural GIs related business owners to promote the development of China’s agricultural GIs. Keywords: Development Strategy; Agricultural GIs; Internet Plus; Agro-products Certified with GIs; Intellectual Property Right

Lessons From Studying the International Economics of Intellectual Property Rights

When the Uruguay Round negotiations began in 1986, the subject of intellectual property rights ( IPRs ) was completely unfamiliar to international trade economists. Presumably the area was ignored because global trade policy concerns had not moved into questions of domestic business regulation. Even today, readers will search in vain for serious treatments of the trade implications of exclusive rights to intellectual property ( IP ) in international economics textbooks. Despite this general inattention, a small but growing literature has emerged in which trade economists have framed specific questions and applied theory and statistical analysis to them. This literature has advanced the understanding of the role of IPRs in the international economy from the realm of speculation to the boundary of hard analysis based on facts and evidence. It has demonstrated that it is possible to use data to assess hypotheses about the economics of global intellectual property protection. Prior to the construction of the evidence that is the subject of this Article, strong claims based on largely unexamined assumptions were made on both sides of the debate. Thus, for example, American trade authorities could push global negotiations on higher standards of protection by claiming that they would result in a long-term flowering of innovation and international technology transfer. Opponents could oppose such standards on the basis of fears that stronger IPRs would destroy channels of inexpensive access to technologies, medicines, and information products. Evidence suggests that there is some truth in both claims, but far more exaggeration. In this Article, I provide an overview of what international economists have learned from studying IPRs in the global context. While progress has been made, many of the results remain subject to statistical and analytical uncertainty and wide areas of research remain insufficiently explored. There is much about the functioning of IPRs that we do not understand very well, particularly in the context of promoting economic development. My approach is to list a series of conclusions from the literature. In each case I note whether the conclusions are robust or re- main tentative. The critical feature underlying confidence assessment is whether the hypotheses are supported with systematic econometric evidence. Inevitably, the inferences drawn reflect largely my interpretations of this work. Since much of the work re- viewed is my own, the discussion herein cannot be considered completely impartial.\u2