Shifting logics of legitimation in the diffusion of complex innovations

Legitimation and competition are two major forces moulding organizational field and the diffusion of innovations. While discursive legitimation provides "rational justifications" for innovations, competition may incite organizations to acquire effective innovations preemptively. This paper draws on a case study of the legitimation and diffusion of a sophisticated medical technology to suggest that, in highly regulated environments, these two forces may interact, and that opposing legitimation strategies may be associated with competition. We argue that while convergent discursive legitimation strategies tend to speed up the diffusion process, divergent discursive legitimation strategies may have the opposite effect. The case suggests that the dominant logics of legitimation may shift, oscillating between convergence and divergence as an innovation diffuses. We also show how the resulting delays in diffusion may be pre-empted by a phenomenon we call institutional delinquency, that is when the moral and cognitive-cultural legitimacies of the technology among professionals and managers becomes sufficient to counteract regulatory forces.technology, legitimation, institution, innovation, PET scanner, theorization, competition

Approaches to the "fuzzy front end" of innovation

In new product development (NPD) unacceptably high failure rates have often been related to insufficiencies during the early development phases. Nevertheless, only little effort is devoted to the early phases, in theory as well as in practice, and managers often indicate the front end as being one of the greatest weaknesses in product innovation. Therefore, it is surprising that only little research has treated the so called fuzzy front end of innovation. In this paper we discuss if process models lead to success in the early development phases. Therefore, the discussion about process models for the whole innovation process is briefly summarized and findings applied to the fuzzy front end. Due to high uncertainties with a wide range between different innovations in the early phases, process models are found to lead to success for incremental innovations with low market and technological uncertainty only. For innovations with a high market and/or technological uncertainty, a learning-based approach is suggested. --breakthrough innovation,fuzzy front end,innovation management,innovation process,new product development,stage-gate process

A lifeline for Europe's young radical innovators

In this Policy Brief, Reinhilde Veugelers shows that Young Innovative Companies (YICs) in Europe achieve significantly higher innovative sales than other innovation-active firms, representing 36% of sales having market novelties. She also confirms that YICs are more affected by credit constraints than other innovation-active firms. If Europe is to exit the current crisis intact and fulfill its full growth potential in the medium term, the author therefore believes Europe must develop policies and incentives which are tailored to the needs of European young radical innovators.

Private Label and National Brand Pricing and Promotional Strategies in Health Differentiated Product Categories: Canadian Evidence

Health Economics and Policy, Marketing,

Persistence models and marketing strategy.

Marketing; Persistence; Models; Model; Strategy;

Venture Capitalism, New Markets and Innovation-led Economic Growth

This paper explores the new market-mediating mechanisms linking SU invention on the one hand and economic growth on the other. Two such mechanisms come to our mind under venture capitalism (of which venture capitalism is directly involved only in the first): 1) a systemic rather than haphazard link between radical inventions and the emergence of new product markets; and 2) a link between new product markets) on the one hand and invention & unbundled technology markets on the other. The first highlights not only the volatility and precariousness of the R&D companies which operated prior to venture capitalism, but also, and related to this, the weak links that existed then between radical invention and the emergence of new markets. There are two aspects of 2) above: 2a) derived demand for improvements in the product and process technology underlying a market (and industry); and 2b) a demand for a substitute, disruptive technology which could replace the existing one. In both cases market size signals the ‘benefits’ to be derived from improving or substituting the underlying technology.

Shifting logics of legitimation in the diffusion of complex innovations

Legitimation and competition are two major forces moulding organizational field and the diffusion of innovations. While discursive legitimation provides "rational justifications" for innovations, competition may incite organizations to acquire effective innovations preemptively. This paper draws on a case study of the legitimation and diffusion of a sophisticated medical technology to suggest that, in highly regulated environments, these two forces may interact, and that opposing legitimation strategies may be associated with competition. We argue that while convergent discursive legitimation strategies tend to speed up the diffusion process, divergent discursive legitimation strategies may have the opposite effect. The case suggests that the dominant logics of legitimation may shift, oscillating between convergence and divergence as an innovation diffuses. We also show how the resulting delays in diffusion may be pre-empted by a phenomenon we call institutional delinquency, that is when the moral and cognitive-cultural legitimacies of the technology among professionals and managers becomes sufficient to counteract regulatory forces. [Authors]]]> Technology, Medical ; Economic Competition eng https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_33CD090B88C8.P001/REF.pdf http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_33CD090B88C82 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_33CD090B88C82 info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Copying allowed only for non-profit organizations https://serval.unil.ch/disclaimer application/pdf oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_33CD45FA5C43 2022-05-07T01:14:48Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_33CD45FA5C43 Dysfunction of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 in vulnerable animals. info:doi:10.1038/mp.2017.250 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1038/mp.2017.250 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1476-5578 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/29176622 Bouvier, E. Brouillard, F. Molet, J. Claverie, D. Cabungcal, J.H. Cresto, N. Doligez, N. Rivat, C. Do, K.Q. Bernard, C. Benoliel, J.J. Becker, C. info:eu-repo/semantics/other misc 2017-12 eng oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_33CE68B39CE2 2022-05-07T01:14:48Z ehelvetica openaire documents phdthesis urnserval <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_33CE68B39CE2 E2F1 inhibits circulating cholesterol clearance by regulating PCSK9 expression in the liver (PhD) Lai, Q. Université de Lausanne, Faculté de biologie et médecine info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis phdthesis 2016 <![CDATA[The metabolic syndrome has become a worldwide epidemic. It includes obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The metabolic syndrome is caused, amongst others, by alterations in lipid metabolism, that lead to aberrant whole body energy homeostasis and thus disease development. Hence, understanding how cells regulate lipid homeostasis is key to treat lipid deregulation. Recently, novel regulators of metabolic processes, including cell cycle regulators like cell cycle dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and E2F transcription factors 1 (E2F1) have been identified. Here, we show that E2F1 plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis through the regulation of cholesterol uptake via the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9); an enzyme that upon activation promotes low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation. We found that the E2F1-/- mice have reduced total plasma cholesterol and elevated cholesterol content in the liver, suggesting an increase of cholesterol uptake. Following these observations, we showed that E2F1 deletion leads to a marked decrease in PCSK9 expression and to an increase in LDLR expression. In addition to the upregulation of LDLR, we also demonstrated that E2F1-/- hepatocytes have increased LDL uptake. Moreover, ChIP-seq and PCSK9 reporter experiments confirmed that E2F1 binds and transactivates PCSK9 promoter. Consistent with this, E2F1-/- mice fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) displayed a fatty liver phenotype, confirming our hypothesis that E2F1 controls cholesterol uptake. Collectively, our results suggest that E2F1 plays a physiological role in maintaining cholesterol balance via the control of PCSK9 expression, which in turn controls LDLR stability. The newly identified E2F1-PCSK9 axis is likely the first report to define the role of E2F1 in cholesterol metabolism and to improve therapeutic strategies to counteract dyslipidemia. -- Les maladies métaboliques constituent actuellement l'épidémie mondiale du 21ème siècle. L'altération du métabolisme lipidique peut conduire à des altérations de l'homéostasie du corps en entier, qui résultent dans le développement de maladies telles que le diabète, la stéatose hépatique et l'athérosclérose. Par conséquent, comprendre comment les cellules régulent l'homéostasie lipidique est clef pour fournir des connaissances pour lutter contre les dérégulations lipidiques. Au cours des années, la recherche à permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux régulateurs des processus métaboliques, tels que des facteurs du cycle cellulaire comme CDK4 (Cell Cycle Dependent Kinase 4) et E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1). Nous avons mis en évidence que le facteur de transcription E2F1 joue un rôle crucial dans le maintien de l'homéostasie cellulaire du cholestérol, via la régulation de son incorporation, par l'intermédiaire de PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) ; une enzyme qui induit une dégradation des LDLR (Low density lipoprotein receptor). Les souris E2F1-/- ont un taux de cholestérol plasmatique diminué et une augmentation du contenu de cholestérol dans le foie, suggérant une augmentation de l'absorption du cholestérol. Suite à cette observation, nous avons démontré que l'inactivation du gène E2F1 entraîne une diminution marquée de l'expression de PCSK9, et une augmentation de l'expression du LDLR. Ainsi, les hépatocytes E2F1-/- sont caractérisés par une augmentation de l'absorption de LDL. De plus, des expériences de ChIP-seq, et l'utilisation de rapporteurs d'activité de promoteurs, démontrent que E2F1 se lie au promoteur de PCSK9 en activant ainsi l'expression de ce gène. De façon intéressante, les souris E2F1-/- ayant subi un régime riche en cholestérol (HCD-High cholesterol diet) développent une stéatose hépatique, confirmant notre hypothèse que E2F1 contrôle l'absorption du cholestérol. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que E2F1 joue un rôle physiologique dans le maintien de l'homéostasie du cholestérol par le contrôle de l'expression de PCSK9, qui à son tour contrôle l'absorption optimale des stérols. Notre travail aura un impact important, car il identifie un nouveau rôle pour le facteur de transcription E2F1, connu pour son implication dans le cycle cellulaire et le cancer, dans le contrôle du métabolisme du cholestérol

Data Aggregation and Information Loss

Analysts often use a single average or otherwise aggregated price series to represent several geographic or product markets even when disaggregate data are available. We hypothesize that such an approach may not be appropriate under some circumstances, such as when only long-term relationships hold among price series or when homogeneous but relatively perishable products are considered. This question is of particular relevance in agriculture because of seasonality in production and harvest across various production regions, and the effect of changes in demand as substitute crops become available. We analyze this question in the context of fresh strawberry production. We find that in the case of the strawberry market, aggregate series are appropriate for long-term decision analysis, but some information loss occurs when conducting short-term decision analysis.strawberry, price, cointegration, Granger causality, average price, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,