A Fuzzy GPSR Route Selection Based on Link Quality and Neighbor Node in VANET

Over recent years, a new technology named VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks) is highly recommended in smart cities and especially in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The VANET technology relies on the nodes acting like cars without the necessity for any controller or central base station by creating a wireless link among them. It enables cars to send and receive information between themselves and their environment. most VANETs utilize position-based routing protocols because they contain a GPS device. To deal with VANET problems, one solution is Geographic Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) which has been broadly implemented. This paper suggests an effective intelligent fuzzy logic control system; called the FL-QN GPSR routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol incorporates two metrics link quality, and neighbor node to detect the best next-hop node for packet forwarding also updates the format of the Hello message by adding the direction field to be more suitable to our simulation. The OMNeT++ and SUMO simulation tools are both used in parallel to examine the VANET environment. The obtained results of the four simulation experiments in urban environments indicate substantial improvements in the network performance compared to the traditional GPSR and AODV concerning the QoS parameters

Security Improvements for Connected Vehicles Position-Based Routing

The constant growing on the number of vehicles is increasing the complexity of traffic in urban and highway environments. It is paramount to improve traffic management to guarantee better road usage and people’s safety. Through efficient communications, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) can provide enough information for traffic safety initiatives, daily traffic data processing, and entertainment information. However, VANETs are vulnerable to malicious nodes applying different types of net-work attacks, where an attacker can, for instance, forge its position to receive the data packet and drop the message. This can lead vehicles and authorities to make incorrect assumptions and decisions, which can result in dangerous situations. Therefore, any data dissemination protocol designed for VANET should consider security issues when selecting the next-hop forwarding node. In this paper, we propose a security scheme designed for position-based routing algorithms, which analyzes nodes position, transmission range, and hello packet interval. The scheme deals with malicious nodes performing network attacks, faking their positions forcing packets to be dropped. We used the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) and Network Simulator-version 3 (NS-3) to compare our proposed scheme integrated with two well-known position-based algorithms. The results were collected in an urban Manhattan grid environment varying the number of nodes, the number of malicious nodes, as well as the number of source-destination pairs. The results show that the proposed security scheme can successfully improve the packet delivery ratio while maintaining low average end-to-end delay of the algorithms.

Design and Evaluation of Improvement of GPSR-Based RoutingTechniques for Intelligent Transport Systems using Vehicular AdHoc Networks

 As topology has become extremely fast, VANETs (vehicular ad-hoc networks) have become increasingly complex, creating new routing protocols for geographic routing. A GPSR-enhanced system (E-GPSR) is presented in this paper, which includes extended capabilities that select the best route and bypass previous vehicles delivering such packets. The E-GPSR protocol also prevents packets from being sent to neighbours similarly, thus eliminating packet routing loops. Road accidents and dead-end roads are unavoidable reasons for link breakage, which the E-GPSR protocol helps to resolve. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Network Simulator-version 3 (NS-3.33) platforms were used to compare E-GPSR with traditional GPSR and Maxduration-Minangle GPSR (MM-GPSR). GPSR and MM GPSR have better packet loss ratios (PLR) and packet delivery ratios (PDR) than the proposed E-GPSR protocol.,

Improvement and performance evaluation of GPSR-based routing techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks

Geographic routing has been widely studied over the years as an effective solution for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), especially because of the availability of wireless devices and global positioning system services. Given the unpredictable behavior of VANETs, selecting the next relay node has been proved a very challenging task. Therefore, in order to maintain acceptable network performance, the routing algorithm needs to be carefully designed to adapt to the fast network changes. The Geographic Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol is a widely adopted position-based routing protocol for VANETs, which makes it a good benchmark candidate. In this paper, we analyze the shortcomings of GPSR and propose a new strategy named Path Aware GPSR (PA-GPSR), which includes additional extension tables in the Neighbors\u27 Table to select the best path and bypass the nodes that have delivered such previous packets in recovery mode. Moreover, our proposed algorithm can eliminate packet routing loops avoiding the delivery of the same packet to the same neighbor node. These PA-GPSR features can, for instance, help to overcome link-breakage due to the unavoidable reasons, such as road accidents or dead-end roads. We used the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) and Network Simulator-version 3 (NS-3) platform to compare our proposed algorithm to the traditional GPSR and Maxduration-Minangle GPSR (MM-GPSR) in scenarios varying the number of nodes as well as the number of source-destination pairs. Our results show that the proposed PA-GPSR strategy performed better than the traditional GPSR and MM-GPSR when packet loss rate, end-to-end delay, and network yield are considered as performance metrics