1,403 research outputs found
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Understanding analogical reasoning : viewpoints from psychology and related disciplines
Analogy and metaphor have a long history of study in linguistics, education, philosophy and psychology. Consensus over what analogy is or how analogy functions in language and thought, however, has been elusive. This paper, the first in a two part series, examines these various research traditions, attempting to bring out major lines of agreement over the role of analogy in individual human experience. As well as being a general literature review which may be helpful for newcomers to the study of analogy, this paper attempts to extract from these literatures existing theories, models and concepts which may be interesting or useful for computational studies of analogical reasoning
Norton's material theory of analogy
In his book, The Material Theory of Induction, Norton argues that the quest for a universal formal theory or âschemaâ for analogical inference should be abandoned. In
its place, he offers the âmaterial theory of analogyâ: each analogical inference is âpoweredâ by a local fact of analogy rather than by any formal schema. His minimalist
model promises a straightforward, fact-based approach to the evaluation and justification of analogical inferences. This paper argues that although the rejection of
universal schemas is justified, Nortonâs positive theory is limited in scope: it works well only for a restricted class of analogical inferences. Both facts and quasi-formal
criteria have roles to play in a theory of analogical reasoning
Visual analogies and arguments
I argue that a basic similarity analysis of analogical reasoning handles many apparent cases of visual analogy. I consider how the visual and verbal elements interact in analogical cases. Finally, I offer two analyses of visual elements. One analysis is evidential. The visual elements are evidence for their ver-bal counterparts. One is non-evidential: the visual elements link to verbal elements without providing evi-dence for those elements. The result is to make more room for the logical analysis of visual argumentatio
An Essay on the Ancient Ideal of âEnraonarâ
âReasoningâ can be considered a general concept that, upon speaking, is the âenraonarâ, a Catalan word that should not be mistaken with âexplainâ nor with âdiscussâ which imply more detail, and cover different situations. This article is presented as an essay on the ancient ideal of âenraonarâ. To that end, it is explained in what sense âenraonarâ and reason are one of the most complex phenomena thought has to deal with. Here it is argued that these natural phenomena require a systematic and âscientificâ
study, and that withoutthis knowledge computer science cannot simulate peopleâs every-day âenraonarâ
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Abstraction and context in concept representation
This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction
How To Train Students for Transfer of Knowledge: The Analyses of Textbooks and Instructional Materials for Students of Agriculture
Transfer of learned knowledge and skills is considered as a fundamental goal of education; without transfer, education would be meaningless. Subject of the study is the analysis of the 16 textbooks and instructional materials intended for students of Master studies âEnvironmental protection in Agricultureâ at the Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade. In the study, the following analyses have been made: (1) the analysis of the type and number of the structural components of the textbooks; (2) the analyses of the questions, tasks and orders (QTO) in the textbooks, which comprises following analyses: (2.1) the meaningfulness of the QTO; (2.2) the form of the QTO; (2.3) the function of the QTO; and (2.4) the cognitive processes that is required by the QTO according to Revised Bloomâs taxonomy of educational objectives. Generally speaking, the mechanisms for fostering and facilitating transfer of knowledge and skills in the most of analyzed textbooks are neglected or developed in a small degree, and unevenly distributed among the analyzed textbooks. The most of the materials enable development of just âvery nearâ, specific transfer to the situation of the exam in which the students will be exposed to the same type of the QTO like in the initial materials for learning. Except in few of the analyzed materials (three of 16), there is no solid ground for the promotion of transfer
Surveying human habit modeling and mining techniques in smart spaces
A smart space is an environment, mainly equipped with Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, able to provide services to humans, helping them to perform daily tasks by monitoring the space and autonomously executing actions, giving suggestions and sending alarms. Approaches suggested in the literature may differ in terms of required facilities, possible applications, amount of human intervention required, ability to support multiple users at the same time adapting to changing needs. In this paper, we propose a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that classifies most influential approaches in the area of smart spaces according to a set of dimensions identified by answering a set of research questions. These dimensions allow to choose a specific method or approach according to available sensors, amount of labeled data, need for visual analysis, requirements in terms of enactment and decision-making on the environment. Additionally, the paper identifies a set of challenges to be addressed by future research in the field
Neural Machine Translation Inspired Binary Code Similarity Comparison beyond Function Pairs
Binary code analysis allows analyzing binary code without having access to
the corresponding source code. A binary, after disassembly, is expressed in an
assembly language. This inspires us to approach binary analysis by leveraging
ideas and techniques from Natural Language Processing (NLP), a rich area
focused on processing text of various natural languages. We notice that binary
code analysis and NLP share a lot of analogical topics, such as semantics
extraction, summarization, and classification. This work utilizes these ideas
to address two important code similarity comparison problems. (I) Given a pair
of basic blocks for different instruction set architectures (ISAs), determining
whether their semantics is similar or not; and (II) given a piece of code of
interest, determining if it is contained in another piece of assembly code for
a different ISA. The solutions to these two problems have many applications,
such as cross-architecture vulnerability discovery and code plagiarism
detection. We implement a prototype system INNEREYE and perform a comprehensive
evaluation. A comparison between our approach and existing approaches to
Problem I shows that our system outperforms them in terms of accuracy,
efficiency and scalability. And the case studies utilizing the system
demonstrate that our solution to Problem II is effective. Moreover, this
research showcases how to apply ideas and techniques from NLP to large-scale
binary code analysis.Comment: Accepted by Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium
201
Fast Methods for Drug Approval: Research Perspectives for Pandemic Preparedness
Public heath emergencies such as the outbreak of novel infectious diseases represent
a major challenge for drug regulatory bodies, practitioners, and scientific communities. In such
critical situations drug regulators and public health practitioners base their decisions on evidence
generated and synthesised by scientists. The urgency and novelty of the situation create high levels
of uncertainty concerning the safety and effectiveness of drugs. One key tool to mitigate such
emergencies is pandemic preparedness. There seems to be, however, a lack of scholarly work on
methodology for assessments of new or existing drugs during a pandemic. Issues related to risk
attitudes, evidence production and evidence synthesis for drug approval require closer attention. This
manuscript, therefore, engages in a conceptual analysis of relevant issues of drug assessment during
a pandemic. To this end, we rely in our analysis on recent discussions in the philosophy of science
and the philosophy of medicine. Important unanswered foundational questions are identified and
possible ways to answer them are considered. Similar problems often have similar solutions, hence
studying similar situations can provide important clues. We consider drug assessments of orphan
drugs and drug assessments during endemics as similar to drug assessment during a pandemic.
Furthermore, other scientific fields which cannot carry out controlled experiments may guide the
methodology to draw defeasible causal inferences from imperfect data. Future contributions on
methodologies for addressing the issues raised here will indeed have great potential to improve
pandemic preparedness
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