Virtual Reality as a new approach for risk taking assessment

[EN] Understanding how people behave when facing hazardous situations, how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the risk taking (RT) decision making process and to what extent it is possible to modify their reactions externally, are questions that have long interested academics and society in general. In the spheres, among others, of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), the military, finance and sociology, this topic has multidisciplinary implications because we all constantly face RT situations. Researchers have hitherto assessed RT profiles by conducting questionnaires prior to and after the presentation of stimuli; however, this can lead to the production of biased, non-realistic, RT profiles. This is due to the reflexive nature of choosing an answer in a questionnaire, which is remote from the reactive, emotional and impulsive decision making processes inherent to real, risky situations. One way to address this question is to exploit VR capabilities to generate immersive environments that recreate realistic seeming but simulated hazardous situations. We propose VR as the next-generation tool to study RT processes, taking advantage of the big four families of metrics which can provide objective assessment methods with high ecological validity: the real-world risks approach (high presence VR environments triggering real-world reactions), embodied interactions (more natural interactions eliciting more natural behaviors), stealth assessment (unnoticed real-time assessments offering efficient behavioral metrics) and physiological real-time measurement (physiological signals avoiding subjective bias). Additionally, VR can provide an invaluable tool, after the assessment phase, to train in skills related to RT due to its transferability to real-world situations.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness funded projects "Advanced Therapeutic Tools for Mental Health" (DPI2016-77396-R), and "Assessment and Training on Decision Making in Risk Environments" (RTC-2017-6523-6) (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE).Juan-Ripoll, CD.; Soler-Domínguez, J.; Guixeres Provinciale, J.; Contero, M.; Álvarez Gutiérrez, N.; Alcañiz Raya, ML. (2018). Virtual Reality as a new approach for risk taking assessment. Frontiers in Psychology. 9:1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02532S189Alcañiz, M., Rey, B., Tembl, J., & Parkhutik, V. (2009). A Neuroscience Approach to Virtual Reality Experience Using Transcranial Doppler Monitoring. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 18(2), 97-111. doi:10.1162/pres.18.2.97Baird, I. S., & Thomas, H. (1985). Toward a Contingency Model of Strategic Risk Taking. Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 230-243. doi:10.5465/amr.1985.4278108Barsade, S. G., Ramarajan, L., & Westen, D. (2009). Implicit affect in organizations☆. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 135-162. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.06.008Becker, W. J., Cropanzano, R., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). Organizational Neuroscience: Taking Organizational Theory Inside the Neural Black Box. Journal of Management, 37(4), 933-961. doi:10.1177/0149206311398955Bohil, C. J., Alicea, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2011). Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(12), 752-762. doi:10.1038/nrn3122Bornovalova, M. A., Cashman-Rolls, A., O’Donnell, J. M., Ettinger, K., Richards, J. B., deWit, H., & Lejuez, C. W. (2009). Risk taking differences on a behavioral task as a function of potential reward/loss magnitude and individual differences in impulsivity and sensation seeking. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 93(3), 258-262. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.023Bottari, C., Dassa, C., Rainville, C., & Dutil, É. (2009). The factorial validity and internal consistency of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Profile in individuals with a traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(2), 177-207. doi:10.1080/09602010802188435BOYER, T. (2006). The development of risk-taking: A multi-perspective review. Developmental Review, 26(3), 291-345. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.05.002Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367Cavalcanti, J., & Soares, M. (2012). Ergonomic analysis of safety signs: a focus of informational and cultural ergonomics. Work, 41, 3427-3432. doi:10.3233/wor-2012-0619-3427Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 909-927. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909Cooper, M. L., Agocha, V. B., & Sheldon, M. S. (2000). A Motivational Perspective on Risky Behaviors: The Role of Personality and Affect Regulatory Processes. Journal of Personality, 68(6), 1059-1088. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00126Donohew, R. L., Hoyle, R. H., Clayton, R. R., Skinner, W. F., Colon, S. E., & Rice, R. E. (1999). Sensation seeking and drug use by adolescents and their friends: models for marijuana and alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(5), 622-631. doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.622Durantin, G., Gagnon, J.-F., Tremblay, S., & Dehais, F. (2014). Using near infrared spectroscopy and heart rate variability to detect mental overload. Behavioural Brain Research, 259, 16-23. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.042Ernst, L. H., Plichta, M. M., Lutz, E., Zesewitz, A. K., Tupak, S. V., Dresler, T., … Fallgatter, A. J. (2013). Prefrontal activation patterns of automatic and regulated approach–avoidance reactions – A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Cortex, 49(1), 131-142. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.09.013Ford, M. E., Wentzel, K. R., Wood, D., Stevens, E., & Siesfeld, G. A. (1989). Processes Associated with Integrative Social Competence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(4), 405-425. doi:10.1177/074355488944002Forgas, J. P. (1982). Reactions to life dilemmas: Risk taking, success and responsibility attribution. Australian Journal of Psychology, 34(1), 25-35. doi:10.1080/00049538208254714Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39-66. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39Gallagher, S. (2005). How the Body Shapes the Mind. doi:10.1093/0199271941.001.0001Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 625-635. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625George, J. M. (2009). The Illusion of Will in Organizational Behavior Research: Nonconscious Processes and Job Design. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1318-1339. doi:10.1177/0149206309346337Glöckner, A., & Herbold, A.-K. (2010). An eye-tracking study on information processing in risky decisions: Evidence for compensatory strategies based on automatic processes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 24(1), 71-98. doi:10.1002/bdm.684Greene, J. D. (2009). Dual-process morality and the personal/impersonal distinction: A reply to McGuire, Langdon, Coltheart, and Mackenzie. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 581-584. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.01.003Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition, 107(3), 1144-1154. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004Greene, J. D. (2001). An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105-2108. doi:10.1126/science.1062872Gullone, E., Moore, S., Moss, S., & Boyd, C. (2000). The Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(2), 231-250. doi:10.1177/0743558400152003Hedberg, J., & Alexander, S. (1994). Virtual Reality in Education: Defining Researchable Issues. Educational Media International, 31(4), 214-220. doi:10.1080/0952398940310402Horvath, P., & Zuckerman, M. (1993). Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 41-52. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90173-zJorgensen, P. F. (1996). Affect, persuasion, and communication processes. Handbook of Communication and Emotion, 403-422. doi:10.1016/b978-012057770-5/50017-5Kilteni, K., Groten, R., & Slater, M. (2012). The Sense of Embodiment in Virtual Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 21(4), 373-387. doi:10.1162/pres_a_00124Kivikangas, J. M., Chanel, G., Cowley, B., Ekman, I., Salminen, M., Järvelä, S., & Ravaja, N. (2011). A review of the use of psychophysiological methods in game research. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 3(3), 181-199. doi:10.1386/jgvw.3.3.181_1Thevenot, C., & Oakhill, J. (2008). A generalization of the representational change theory from insight to non-insight problems: The case of arithmetic word problems. Acta Psychologica, 129(3), 315-324. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.08.008Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., … Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75-84. doi:10.1037/1076-898x.8.2.75Lindgren, R., & Johnson-Glenberg, M. (2013). Emboldened by Embodiment. Educational Researcher, 42(8), 445-452. doi:10.3102/0013189x13511661MacCrimmon, K. R., & Wehrung, D. A. (1990). Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives. Management Science, 36(4), 422-435. doi:10.1287/mnsc.36.4.422Manchester, D., Priestley, N., & Jackson, H. (2004). The assessment of executive functions: coming out of the office. Brain Injury, 18(11), 1067-1081. doi:10.1080/02699050410001672387Marín-Morales, J., Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., Greco, A., Guixeres, J., Llinares, C., Scilingo, E. P., … Valenza, G. (2018). Affective computing in virtual reality: emotion recognition from brain and heartbeat dynamics using wearable sensors. Scientific Reports, 8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32063-4Mohamed, S., Ali, T. H., & Tam, W. Y. V. (2009). National culture and safe work behaviour of construction workers in Pakistan. Safety Science, 47(1), 29-35. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.003Motowildo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71-83. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., & Willman, P. (2005). Personality and domain‐specific risk taking. Journal of Risk Research, 8(2), 157-176. doi:10.1080/1366987032000123856Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. (2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 211-228. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.6.3.211Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Applications of Technology in Neuropsychological Assessment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(8), 1328-1361. doi:10.1080/13854046.2013.834971Parsons, T. D. (2015). Virtual Reality for Enhanced Ecological Validity and Experimental Control in the Clinical, Affective and Social Neurosciences. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00660Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and Control of Response Bias. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 17-59. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50006-xPaulus, M. P., Rogalsky, C., Simmons, A., Feinstein, J. S., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. NeuroImage, 19(4), 1439-1448. doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00251-9Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. doi:10.1037/11494-000Robson, L. S., Stephenson, C. M., Schulte, P. A., Amick, B. C. I., Irvin, E. L., Eggerth, D. E., … Grubb, P. L. (2011). A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 38(3), 193-208. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3259Rundmo, T. (1996). Associations between risk perception and safety. Safety Science, 24(3), 197-209. doi:10.1016/s0925-7535(97)00038-6Schmitt, N. (1994). Method bias: The importance of theory and measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 393-398. doi:10.1002/job.4030150504Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993). Determinants of risk-taking: Behavioral and economic views. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 6(1), 49-73. doi:10.1007/bf01065350Schroeter, R., Oxtoby, J., & Johnson, D. (2014). AR and Gamification Concepts to Reduce Driver Boredom and Risk Taking Behaviours. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI ’14. doi:10.1145/2667317.2667415Seo, H.-C., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, J.-J., & Jee, N.-Y. (2015). Analyzing safety behaviors of temporary construction workers using structural equation modeling. Safety Science, 77, 160-168. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.010Sequeira, H., Hot, P., Silvert, L., & Delplanque, S. (2009). Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71(1), 50-56. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.009SITKIN, S. B., & WEINGART, L. R. (1995). DETERMINANTS OF RISKY DECISION-MAKING BEHAVIOR: A TEST OF THE MEDIATING ROLE OF RISK PERCEPTIONS AND PROPENSITY. Academy of Management Journal, 38(6), 1573-1592. doi:10.2307/256844Skeel, R. L., Neudecker, J., Pilarski, C., & Pytlak, K. (2007). The utility of personality variables and behaviorally-based measures in the prediction of risk-taking behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 203-214. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.025Slater, M. (2009). Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3549-3557. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0138Sneddon, A., Mearns, K., & Flin, R. (2013). Stress, fatigue, situation awareness and safety in offshore drilling crews. Safety Science, 56, 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.05.027Soler, J. L., Contero, M., & Alcañiz, M. (2017). VR Serious Game Design Based on Embodied Cognition Theory. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12-21. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70111-0_2Stanford, M. S., Greve, K. W., Boudreaux, J. K., Mathias, C. W., & L. Brumbelow, J. (1996). Impulsiveness and risk-taking behavior: comparison of high-school and college students using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(6), 1073-1075. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00151-1STEINBERG, L. (2004). Risk Taking in Adolescence: What Changes, and Why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51-58. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.005Tsujii, T., & Watanabe, S. (2010). Neural correlates of belief-bias reasoning under time pressure: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. NeuroImage, 50(3), 1320-1326. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.026Wang, L., Shute, V., & Moore, G. R. (2015). Lessons Learned and Best Practices of Stealth Assessment. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 7(4), 66-87. doi:10.4018/ijgcms.2015100104White, T. L., Lejuez, C. W., & de Wit, H. (2008). Test-retest characteristics of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(6), 565-570. doi:10.1037/a0014083Wills, T. A., Walker, C., Mendoza, D., & Ainette, M. G. (2006). Behavioral and emotional self-control: Relations to substance use in samples of middle and high school students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 265-278. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.265Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625-636. doi:10.3758/bf03196322Yuen, K. S. ., & Lee, T. M. . (2003). Could mood state affect risk-taking decisions? Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(1), 11-18. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00022-

Ability to apply flexicurity in the Croatian labor market

PURPOSE For the purpose of enforcing flexicurity, deregulation of national labor standards is necessary. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the basic components of flexicurity as well as its secondary components (demographic, social and industrial relations) for a better understanding of the representation of basic flexicurity components in the Republic of Croatia compared to the selected EU states. METHODOLOGY The paper is illustrated in order to provide a methodology that allows for how many components of flexicurity are represented in the Croatian labor market in relation to selected European countries which grouped together by in groups according to common characteristics with respect to flexicurity. RESULTS The research results show an unfavorable position of the Republic of Croatia in terms of flexicurity components compared to other researched countries. We have to point out that certain components show a minimal advancement. Therefore, Croatia would profit from a stronger social dialogue in order to balance the stated components. Croatia could implement flexicurity only under the condition of developing new solidary interest relations that will reflect not only the changed needs of the workers and employers as collective partners but also that of the unemployed. CONTRIBUTION The paper deals with issues that are discussed not only at national level but also at EU level. The scientific contribution of the work derives from the extensive empirical (qualitative and quantitative) research. The paper contains a detailed analysis, appropriate scientific research methods and numerous current and secondary sources of foreign and domestic scientific literature. Work is important for the academic community, policy makers, experts, students of economics and management, as well as for the wider public interested in the labor market. It also provides important insight into further design and development of labor market policies in Croatia. LIMITATIONS Limitations in the research were for some countries (such as for Croatia becoming a member of the European Union in 2013) because there was no uniform data for all the years of research needed. EDITORIAL NOTICE: This paper is withdrawn

Análise e previsão utilizando séries temporais dos custos com benefícios ocupacionais no Brasil : período de 2022 - 2024

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Edwin Vladimir Cardoza GaldamezDissertação (mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) - Universidade Estadual de maringá, 2025RESUMO: Acidentes e doenças do trabalho representam uma preocupação global, com impactos significativos para trabalhadores, empregadores e a sociedade. Em 2019, mais de 395 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo sofreram acidentes de trabalho não fatais. Esses eventos geram altos custos econômicos. Em 2017, por exemplo, os gastos com o tratamento de lesões e doenças ocupacionais representaram 3,9% do PIB mundial e 3,3% do PIB europeu. Esta dissertação analisa e prevê os custos com doenças e acidentes de trabalho que são pagos pelo governo federal brasileiro em forma de benefícios ocupacionais. Os objetivos desta pesquisa são: criar um banco de dados dos benefícios ocupacionais a partir dos arquivos fornecidos pelo portal brasileiro de Dados Abertos do governo federal, referentes ao período de março de 2022 a março de 2024 no Brasil, utilizando a metodologia Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD); analisar as variáveis do banco de dados: data da emissão, código espécie, região do país, sexo e cliente em relação ao valor dos benefícios, a fim de extrair tendências e informações relevantes; e construir um modelo de previsão de custos futuros com benefícios ocupacionais, utilizando séries temporais e o modelo estatístico Holt-Winters, para um horizonte de 9 meses (abril a dezembro de 2024). A previsão é realizada para o conjunto de dados como um todo e para os quatro benefícios ocupacionais existentes no Brasil: auxílio-doença por acidente de trabalho (B91), aposentadoria por invalidez por acidentes de trabalho (B92), pensão por morte por acidentes de trabalho (B93) e auxílio-acidente por acidente de trabalho (B94). Os resultados encontrados mostram que no período de março de 2022 a março de 2024, o conjunto de dados de benefícios ocupacionais apresentou um aumento estatisticamente significativo de 20,75%. Os valores dos benefícios recebidos pelo sexo masculino foram 2,02 vezes maiores do que os recebidos pelo sexo feminino. O modelo Holt-Winters Multiplicativo apresentou o melhor ajuste para todas as séries temporais analisadas, com métricas de MAPE (média dos erros percentuais absolutos) das previsões, variando de 0,79% a 4,12%, o que indica uma boa acurácia do modelo de previsão. A previsão para o conjunto de benefícios ocupacionais apontou uma tendência de crescimento de 5,66%, porém sem significância estatísticaABSTRACT: Work-related accidents and illnesses are a global concern, with significant impacts on workers, employers and society. In 2019, more than 395 million people worldwide suffered non-fatal workplace accidents. These events also generate high economic costs. In 2017, for example, expenses related to the treatment of occupational injuries and illnesses accounted for 3.9% of the global GDP and 3.3% of the European GDP. This dissertation analyzes and forecasts the costs of work-related illnesses and accidents covered by the Brazilian federal government in the form of occupational benefits. The objectives of this research are: to create a database of occupational benefits using files provided by the Brazilian federal government's Open Data portal, covering the period from March 2022 to March 2024 in Brazil, following the Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) methodology; to analyze the database variables, including issuance date, benefit code, region of the country, gender and beneficiary, in relation to benefit values, in order to extract trends and relevant insights; and to develop a forecasting model for future occupational benefit costs using time series analysis and the Holt-Winters statistical model for a nine-month horizon, from April to December 2024. The forecast is conducted for the dataset as a whole and for the four existing occupational benefits in Brazil: sickness benefit due to work-related accidents (B91), disability retirement due to work-related accidents (B92), death pension due to work-related accidents (B93) and accident assistance due to work-related accidents (B94). The results show that from March 2022 to March 2024, the occupational benefits dataset experienced a statistically significant increase of 20.75%. The amounts received by male beneficiaries were 2.02 times higher than those received by female beneficiaries. The Multiplicative Holt-Winters model provided the best fit for all analyzed time series, with MAPE, mean absolute percentage error, values for the forecasts ranging from 0.79% to 4.12%, indicating good forecasting accuracy. The forecast for the set of occupational benefits pointed to a growth trend of 5.66%, though without statistical significance99 f. : il. (algumas color.)

Perspectives on human-computer interaction and culture

Due to the global distribution of technology and its use in highly culturally diverse settings, an understanding of culture, in particular the connection between culture and technology use, is becoming more relevant for distributors and developers of such technology, in order to survive in a dynamic market environment and to be able to offer products that are tailored to the requirements of the specific end user. Therefore, the overarching topic of this thesis is the exploration of the role of culture in human-computer interaction (HCI) as a key factor to understanding the user. This thesis sheds light on the role of culture and socio-cultural systems and their multi-layered manifestations in human-computer interaction. The related research consists of two main strands: The first strand (manuscript 1 and 2) focuses primarily on examining the extent to which national culture is considered in HCI studies, and the extent to which subjects from different national settings are part of HCI studies. The key findings of the first strand are that HCI research tends to neglect culture, or, if it is considered, it is mostly treated narrowly, as a single variable that measures national cultures. The restricted cultural perspective becomes further evident when studying the participant samples from the most relevant HCI conference. There was a strong focus on participant samples from countries whose inhabitants tend to be Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic (WEIRD) and most of the other countries were clearly underrepresented. The second strand of this thesis (manuscript 3 to 6) centres on the examination of the relationship between HCI and cultural as well as socio-cultural systems, particularly in knowledge-intensive practices. It shows the rich practices of technology appropriation in study settings outside of the typical WEIRD contexts. Furthermore, it explores the manifold, rich and often complex ways in which the use of technology is impacted by structures and practices of cultural systems, and, in the same way, transforms these systems. The results from both strands of enquiry show that the HCI community should consider the diversity of potential technology users in its research and recommendations. Only in this way can technological developments be realised that are globally useful and usable on a broad scale. To support the HCI community on this path, alongside suggestions for further research projects, this thesis presents several detailed recommendations on how to increase diversity and the consideration of cultural aspects in HCI research and the HCI community

Virtual reality environments for the study of decision-making processes in risky contexts through the use of physiological measures and behavioural responses

Tesis por compendio[ES] Comprender el comportamiento humano en situaciones de riesgo, cómo los factores individuales y externos influyen en nuestras decisiones y en qué medida es posible influir y modificar nuestros comportamientos, constituye un desafío tanto para los científicos como para la sociedad en general. Desde la perspectiva de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SST), así como en numerosos campos como la sociología y las finanzas, este tema tiene importantes implicaciones ya que las situaciones de riesgo son un aspecto común en diversos ámbitos de nuestra vida. La toma de riesgos (TR) es parte del proceso de toma de decisiones en situaciones de incertidumbre, en las que se conoce de antemano la probabilidad de cada consecuencia positiva o negativa. Si bien el concepto de la TR está bien definido en la literatura, se ha abordado desde diferentes perspectivas, por lo que los factores que se han propuesto para explicar o moderar la TR también son muy diversos. Centrándonos en los factores individuales (procesos cognitivos y emocionales) que influyen en la TR, estos pueden afectar la forma en que se abordan las situaciones peligrosas de dos maneras diferentes. En primer lugar, pueden sesgar la percepción de una situación, de modo que no se lleve a cabo una evaluación adecuada y por tanto esto lleve a conductas sesgadas. En segundo lugar, estos factores configuran una cierta propensión general al riesgo en los seres humanos, de modo que pueden o no sentirse atraídos por situaciones potencialmente peligrosas. De la misma manera que la definición de la TR se ha abordado desde diferentes perspectivas, su evaluación también se ha tratado desde diferentes puntos de vista y constituye hoy en día un desafío para investigadores y profesionales, por lo que no se ha encontrado un consenso claro en cuanto a la existencia de una medida validada para la TR. La evaluación de la TR se ha realizado tradicionalmente mediante cuestionarios; sin embargo, se ha demostrado que estas medidas presentan diversas limitaciones que pueden conducir a resultados alterados. Las tareas comportamentales surgen como una solución alternativa capaz de superar algunas de estas barreras. En cambio, su capacidad de transferencia a situaciones de la vida real parece ser limitada. La realidad virtual (RV) permite recrear situaciones reales simuladas para realizar evaluaciones basadas en el desempeño. La RV presenta numerosas ventajas que pueden aportar beneficios para la evaluación de los comportamientos humanos, ya que aporta una mayor inmersión, fidelidad y un mayor nivel de implicación que los métodos de evaluación tradicionales, y numerosos trabajos en el campo de la psicología aplicada y la neurociencia organizacional han avalado su uso para evaluación humana. En esta investigación, proponemos la RV como tecnología capaz de facilitar el estudio de los procesos de la TR, aprovechando sus numerosas posibilidades, que se pueden resumir como: simulación de situaciones de riesgo realistas, interacciones naturales con el entorno virtual, inclusión de medidas implícitas para evaluación oculta y medición fisiológica en tiempo real. Esta tesis proporciona aportaciones a la definición de la TR, particularmente en la identificación de qué factores constituyen este complejo proceso. Además, investiga el uso de la RV inmersiva en la investigación del comportamiento humano, específicamente para la evaluación de la TR, proporcionando premisas de diseño de entornos virtuales para la evaluación de los constructos psicológicos identificados como determinantes para definir la TR. Finalmente, analiza la validez de la RV en combinación con medidas fisiológicas para la evaluación de la TR de forma implícita.[CA] Comprendre el comportament humà en situacions de risc, com els factors individuals i externs influeixen en les nostres decisions i en quina mesura és possible influir i modificar els nostres comportaments, constitueix un desafiament tant per als científics com per a la societat en general. Des de la perspectiva de la Seguretat i Salut en el Treball (SST), així com en nombrosos camps com la sociologia i les finances, aquest tema té importants implicacions ja que les situacions de risc són un aspecte comú en diversos àmbits de la nostra vida. La presa de riscos (PR) és part del procés de presa de decisions en situacions d'incertesa, en les quals es coneix per endavant la probabilitat de cada conseqüència positiva o negativa. Si bé el concepte de la PR està ben definit en la literatura, s'ha abordat des de diferents perspectives, per la qual cosa els factors que s'han proposat per a explicar o moderar la PR també són molt diversos. Centrant-nos en els factors individuals (processos cognitius i emocionals) que influeixen en la PR, aquests poden afectar la forma en què s'aborden les situacions perilloses de dues maneres diferents. En primer lloc, poden esbiaixar la percepció d'una situació, de manera que no es duga a terme una avaluació adequada i per tant això porte a conductes esbiaixades. En segon lloc, aquests factors configuren una certa propensió general al risc en els éssers humans, de manera que poden o no sentir-se atrets per situacions potencialment perilloses. De la mateixa manera que la definició de la PR s'ha abordat des de diferents perspectives, la seua avaluació també s'ha tractat des de diferents punts de vista i constitueix hui dia un desafiament per a investigadors i professionals, per la qual cosa no s'ha trobat un consens clar quant a l'existència d'una mesura validada per a la PR. L'avaluació de la PR s'ha realitzat tradicionalment mitjançant qüestionaris; no obstant això, s'ha demostrat que aquestes mesures presenten diverses limitacions que poden conduir a resultats alterats. Les tasques comportamentals sorgeixen com una solució alternativa capaç de superar algunes d'aquestes barreres. En canvi, la seua capacitat de transferència a situacions de la vida real sembla ser limitada. La realitat virtual (RV) permet recrear situacions reals simulades per a realitzar avaluacions basades en l'acompliment. La RV presenta nombrosos avantatges que poden aportar beneficis per a l'avaluació dels comportaments humans, ja que aporta una major immersió, fidelitat i un major nivell d'implicació que els mètodes d'avaluació tradicionals, i nombrosos treballs en el camp de la psicologia aplicada i la neurociència organitzacional han avalat el seu ús per a avaluació humana. En aquesta investigació, proposem la RV com a tecnologia capaç de facilitar l'estudi dels processos de la PR, aprofitant les seues nombroses possibilitats, que es poden resumir com: simulació de situacions de risc realistes, interaccions naturals amb l'entorn virtual, inclusió de mesures implícites per a avaluació oculta i mesurament fisiològic en temps real. Aquesta tesi proporciona aportacions a la definició de la PR, particularment en la identificació de quins factors constitueixen aquest complex procés. A més, investiga l'ús de la RV immersiva en la investigació del comportament humà, específicament per a l'avaluació de la PR, proporcionant premisses de disseny d'entorns virtuals per a l'avaluació dels constructes psicològics identificats com a determinants per a definir la PR. Finalment, analitza la validesa de la RV en combinació amb mesures fisiològiques per a l'avaluació de la PR de manera implícita.[EN] Understanding human behaviour in risk situations, how individual and external factors influence our decisions and to what extent it is possible to influence and modify our behaviours, constitutes a challenge both for scientists and for society in general. From the perspective of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), as well as in numerous fields such as sociology of finance, this topic has important implications since risk situations are a common aspect in various domains of our lives. Risk taking (RT) is part of the decision-making process in uncertain situations, in which the probability of each positive or negative consequence is known in advance. Although the concept of RT is well defined in the literature, it has been approached from different perspectives, so that the factors that have been proposed to explain or moderate RT are also very diverse. Focusing on the individual factors - cognitive and emotional processes - that influence RT, these may affect how hazardous situations are addressed in two different ways. First, they can skew the perception of a situation, so that an adequate evaluation is not carried out and therefore this leads to biased behaviors. Second, these factors shape a certain general propensity towards risk in humans, so that they may or may not be attracted to potentially dangerous situations. In the same way that the definition of RT has been approached from different perspectives, the evaluation of RT has also been treated from different points of view and nowadays constitutes a challenge for researchers and practitioners, so that a clear consensus has not been found regarding the existence of a validated measure for RT. RT evaluation has traditionally been carried out using questionnaires; however, it has been demonstrated that these measures present various limitations that can lead to altered results. Behavioural tasks emerge as an alternative solution capable of overcoming some of these boundaries. Instead, their ability to transference to real life situations appears to be limited. Virtual reality (VR) enables recreating real-simulated situations to carry out performance-based assessments. VR presents numerous advantages that can provide benefits for the evaluation of human behaviours, since it provides greater immersion, fidelity and a higher level of involvement than traditional evaluation methods, and numerous works in the field of applied psychology and organizational neuroscience have endorsed its use for human assessment. In this investigation, we propose VR as technology capable of facilitating the study of RT processes, taking advantage of its numerous possibilities, which can be resumed as: simulation of realistic risk situations, natural interactions with the virtual environment, inclusion of implicit measures for stealth assessment and physiological real-time measurement. This thesis provides novel contributions to the definition of RT, particularly in the identification of which factors constitute this complex process. Moreover, it investigates the use of immersive VR in human behaviour research, specifically for RT assessment, providing design premises of virtual environments for the evaluation of the psychological constructs identified as determinants to define RT. Finally, it analyses the validity of VR in combination with physiological measures for the evaluation of RT in an implicit way.Contrato predoctoral FPI (BES-2017-079857). Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Madrid, Spain).Juan Ripoll, CD. (2021). Virtual reality environments for the study of decision-making processes in risky contexts through the use of physiological measures and behavioural responses [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171236TESISCompendi

Integroidulla HSEQ-johtamisella kokonaisvaltaista yritysvastuullisuutta : tapaustutkimuksia yritysten työturvallisuuden ja HSEQ:n kehittämisestä

AbstractIn order to improve occupational safety and prevent accidents at work, continuous measures must be taken to improve or maintain the safety level achieved. A company’s management plays a special role in safety work. Their commitment and attitude are crucial for the development of a good safety culture. The goal of the integrated management of health, safety, environment and quality (HSEQ) is to achieve holistic responsibility in the company’s operations. The HSEQ Assessment Procedure developed in Finland verifies the HSEQ performance of suppliers to buyer companies.The aim of this dissertation was to examine, through case studies, how corporate responsibility could be developed to improve safety in particular, but also environmental responsibility and quality management. The sub-studies examined factors related to accidents at work on the basis of investigation reports, staff perceptions of the management’s safety attitudes through a survey and supplier companies’ HSEQ improvement needs from the assessment database, as well as the HSEQ Assessment Procedure through a comprehensive review.Common factors can be found in investigations of similar accidents at work, and by examining them, parallels can be found in accidents. These can be used to support safety management in various industries and more broadly. In safety work, the attitudes of the management play a key role. The management should serve as an example and work in interaction with other staff. The results show that the HSEQ Assessment Procedure is a viable method for assessing and developing suppliers’ HSEQ capabilities. The approach has shown its strength and adaptability in various challenges affecting business operations and with increasingly stricter sustainability requirements. The challenges related to the method need to be assessed continuously to ensure its viability.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Jounila, H., & Reiman, A. (2014). Fatal Non-driving Accidents in Road Transport of Hazardous Liquids: Cases with Review on Finnish Procedure for Investigating Serious Accidents Within Work System. In Integrated Occupational Safety and Health Management (pp. 111–128). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13180-1_8Lindholm, M., Reiman, A., Jounila, H., Väyrynen, S., Ervasti, O., & Melleri, A. (2017). Personnel’s perceptions of occupational safety in rail transport work. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 5(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2017.088417Self-archived versionJounila, H., Reiman, A., Kauppila, O., & Savola, T. (2020). Common HSEQ Performance Improvement Areas Among Industrial Suppliers: A Study of Audits in a Finnish Industrial Cluster Network. In Engineering Assets and Public Infrastructures in the Age of Digitalization (pp. 423–430). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48021-9_47Self-archived versionJounila, H., Reiman, A., Laine, J., & Kauppila, O. (2020). HSEQ AT SHARED INDUSTRIAL WORKPLACES: EXPERIENCES FROM COLLABORATION ON SUPPLIER AUDITS. International Journal for Quality Research, 14(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.24874/ijqr14.01-05Self-archived versionVäyrynen, S., Jounila, H., & Latva-Ranta, J. (2015). ICT as a Tool in Industrial Networks for Assessing HSEQ Capabilities in a Collaborative Way. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition (pp. 787–797). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch075Kauppila, O., Jounila, H., & Reiman, A. (2020). Networking for sustainable supplier development; evidence from a Finnish industrial cluster. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety, 4(2), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.24840/2184-0954_004.002_0003Self-archived versionTiivistelmäTyöturvallisuuden parantamiseksi ja työtapaturmien torjumiseksi on jatkuvasti tehtävä toimenpiteitä, jotta saavutettu taso säilytetään tai sitä kyetään parantamaan. Työturvallisuustyössä erityinen rooli on yrityksen johdolla, jonka sitoutuminen ja asenne vaikuttavat ratkaisevasti hyvän turvallisuuskulttuurin kehittymiseen. Työterveyden (H), työturvallisuuden (S), ympäristön (E) ja laadun (Q) integroidun johtamisen tavoitteena on saavuttaa kokonaisvaltaista vastuullisuutta yrityksen toiminnoissa. Suomessa kehitetty HSEQ-toimittaja-arviointi todentaa tilaajayrityksille heidän toimittajiensa HSEQ-suorituskyvyn.Väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tapaustutkimusten kautta tutkia, miten yritysvastuullisuutta voisi kehittää niin, että erityisesti työturvallisuus mutta myös ympäristövastuullisuus ja laadunhallinta paranisivat. Osatutkimuksissa tutkittiin työtapaturmiin liittyviä tekijöitä tutkintaraporttien pohjalta, henkilöstön käsityksiä johdon työturvallisuusasenteista kyselytutkimuksella, toimittajayritysten HSEQ-kehityskohteita arviointitietokannasta sekä HSEQ-arviointimenettelyä kokonaisvaltaisen tarkastelun kautta.Samankaltaisten työtapaturmien tutkinnoista on löydettävissä yhteisiä tekijöitä, joita tarkastelemalla onnettomuuksista voidaan löytää yhtenevyyksiä. Näitä on mahdollista hyödyntää työturvallisuusjohtamisen tukena vastaavilla toimialoilla ja laajemminkin. Työturvallisuustyössä johdon asenteilla on ensisijaisen tärkeä rooli. Johdon tulee toimia esimerkkinä ja vuorovaikutuksessa muun henkilöstön kanssa. Tulosten mukaan HSEQ-toimittaja-arviointi on toimiva menettelytapa toimittajien HSEQ-kyvykkyyden arvioimiseksi ja kehittämiseksi. Vastuullisuuskysymysten tiukentuessa ja erilaisissa yritystoimintaan vaikuttavissa haasteissa menettelytapa on osoittanut vahvuutensa ja muutoskykyisyytensä. Elinvoimaisuuden takaamiseksi menettelytapaan liittyviä haasteita tulee jatkuvasti arvioida.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Jounila, H., & Reiman, A. (2014). Fatal Non-driving Accidents in Road Transport of Hazardous Liquids: Cases with Review on Finnish Procedure for Investigating Serious Accidents Within Work System. In Integrated Occupational Safety and Health Management (pp. 111–128). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13180-1_8Lindholm, M., Reiman, A., Jounila, H., Väyrynen, S., Ervasti, O., & Melleri, A. (2017). Personnel’s perceptions of occupational safety in rail transport work. International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 5(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhfe.2017.088417Rinnakkaistallennettu versioJounila, H., Reiman, A., Kauppila, O., & Savola, T. (2020). Common HSEQ Performance Improvement Areas Among Industrial Suppliers: A Study of Audits in a Finnish Industrial Cluster Network. In Engineering Assets and Public Infrastructures in the Age of Digitalization (pp. 423–430). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48021-9_47Rinnakkaistallennettu versioJounila, H., Reiman, A., Laine, J., & Kauppila, O. (2020). HSEQ AT SHARED INDUSTRIAL WORKPLACES: EXPERIENCES FROM COLLABORATION ON SUPPLIER AUDITS. International Journal for Quality Research, 14(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.24874/ijqr14.01-05Rinnakkaistallennettu versioVäyrynen, S., Jounila, H., & Latva-Ranta, J. (2015). ICT as a Tool in Industrial Networks for Assessing HSEQ Capabilities in a Collaborative Way. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition (pp. 787–797). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5888-2.ch075Kauppila, O., Jounila, H., & Reiman, A. (2020). Networking for sustainable supplier development; evidence from a Finnish industrial cluster. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety, 4(2), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.24840/2184-0954_004.002_0003Rinnakkaistallennettu versioEsitetään Oulun yliopiston tekniikan ja luonnontieteiden tohtorikoulutustoimikunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Linnanmaan Wetteri-salissa (IT115), 8. lokakuuta 2021 kello 12Abstract In order to improve occupational safety and prevent accidents at work, continuous measures must be taken to improve or maintain the safety level achieved. A company’s management plays a special role in safety work. Their commitment and attitude are crucial for the development of a good safety culture. The goal of the integrated management of health, safety, environment and quality (HSEQ) is to achieve holistic responsibility in the company’s operations. The HSEQ Assessment Procedure developed in Finland verifies the HSEQ performance of suppliers to buyer companies. The aim of this dissertation was to examine, through case studies, how corporate responsibility could be developed to improve safety in particular, but also environmental responsibility and quality management. The sub-studies examined factors related to accidents at work on the basis of investigation reports, staff perceptions of the management’s safety attitudes through a survey and supplier companies’ HSEQ improvement needs from the assessment database, as well as the HSEQ Assessment Procedure through a comprehensive review. Common factors can be found in investigations of similar accidents at work, and by examining them, parallels can be found in accidents. These can be used to support safety management in various industries and more broadly. In safety work, the attitudes of the management play a key role. The management should serve as an example and work in interaction with other staff. The results show that the HSEQ Assessment Procedure is a viable method for assessing and developing suppliers’ HSEQ capabilities. The approach has shown its strength and adaptability in various challenges affecting business operations and with increasingly stricter sustainability requirements. The challenges related to the method need to be assessed continuously to ensure its viability.Tiivistelmä Työturvallisuuden parantamiseksi ja työtapaturmien torjumiseksi on jatkuvasti tehtävä toimenpiteitä, jotta saavutettu taso säilytetään tai sitä kyetään parantamaan. Työturvallisuustyössä erityinen rooli on yrityksen johdolla, jonka sitoutuminen ja asenne vaikuttavat ratkaisevasti hyvän turvallisuuskulttuurin kehittymiseen. Työterveyden (H), työturvallisuuden (S), ympäristön (E) ja laadun (Q) integroidun johtamisen tavoitteena on saavuttaa kokonaisvaltaista vastuullisuutta yrityksen toiminnoissa. Suomessa kehitetty HSEQ-toimittaja-arviointi todentaa tilaajayrityksille heidän toimittajiensa HSEQ-suorituskyvyn. Väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tapaustutkimusten kautta tutkia, miten yritysvastuullisuutta voisi kehittää niin, että erityisesti työturvallisuus mutta myös ympäristövastuullisuus ja laadunhallinta paranisivat. Osatutkimuksissa tutkittiin työtapaturmiin liittyviä tekijöitä tutkintaraporttien pohjalta, henkilöstön käsityksiä johdon työturvallisuusasenteista kyselytutkimuksella, toimittajayritysten HSEQ-kehityskohteita arviointitietokannasta sekä HSEQ-arviointimenettelyä kokonaisvaltaisen tarkastelun kautta. Samankaltaisten työtapaturmien tutkinnoista on löydettävissä yhteisiä tekijöitä, joita tarkastelemalla onnettomuuksista voidaan löytää yhtenevyyksiä. Näitä on mahdollista hyödyntää työturvallisuusjohtamisen tukena vastaavilla toimialoilla ja laajemminkin. Työturvallisuustyössä johdon asenteilla on ensisijaisen tärkeä rooli. Johdon tulee toimia esimerkkinä ja vuorovaikutuksessa muun henkilöstön kanssa. Tulosten mukaan HSEQ-toimittaja-arviointi on toimiva menettelytapa toimittajien HSEQ-kyvykkyyden arvioimiseksi ja kehittämiseksi. Vastuullisuuskysymysten tiukentuessa ja erilaisissa yritystoimintaan vaikuttavissa haasteissa menettelytapa on osoittanut vahvuutensa ja muutoskykyisyytensä. Elinvoimaisuuden takaamiseksi menettelytapaan liittyviä haasteita tulee jatkuvasti arvioida

The 15th International CDIO Conference: Proceedings – Full Papers

The 15th international CDIO conference was held at Aarhus University from 25 June 2019 to 27 June 2019 with activities on 24 and 28 June. The main theme of the 15th International CDIO Conference was CHANGE in Engineering Education.  The conference programme included: Keynotes General presentations Working groups Workshops Round tables Social events CDIO Academy (A CDIO experience for students