THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN CHINESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This study examined the interdependency between Chinese agricultural and industrial sectors. A dual economic model was developed to investigate the relationship between the two sectors and factors affecting Chinese economic development. The study reveals traditional inputs, such as labor, are still important to Chinese economic development. Capital investment contributed significantly to the growth of the Chinese industrial sector, but not to the agricultural sector. The results also suggest that foreign trade has made a significant contribution to Chinese economic development. It was found that the growth of the Chinese agricultural sector depends on its industrial growth, but the growth of the Chinese industrial sector does not rely on the agricultural growth.Chinese economic development, dual economy, growth model, agricultural sector, industrial sector, foreign trade, International Development,

The Role of Agricultural Growth in South Asian Countries and the Affordability of Food: An Inter-country Analysis

Agriculture is the mainstay of the most developing countries, which supplies food and employment to the majority of the population. Because of the dominance of the agricultural sector, a sufficient supply of domestic food is indispensable to support stable socio-economic and political systems in these countries. To attain a sustained growth of agricultural productivity, sufficient investment in the agricultural sector is crucial, particularly in the initial stages of economic development. This increases agricultural production and as a result, there is a shift in (human) resources from the agricultural sector to the industrial and services sectors. According to Duranton (1998), in order to transform from agricultural sector to industrial sector a significant increase in the agricultural sector productivity is necessary. On the demand-side, the growth in agricultural production increases agricultural income which leads to increase in the demand for industrial products; whereas on the supplyside, the increase in the agricultural productivity shifts human resources from the agricultural to the industrial sector [Jorgenson (1967)]. Economists have further explained these interdependences and linkages between agricultural and industrial sectors. According to Kaldor’s (1978) two-sector model, agricultural and industrial sectors supply inputs to each other and provide market for their outputs but differ in a number of ways. The agricultural sector has disguised unemployment and produces consumer goods for competitive markets, while industrial sector produces investment goods which are sold in imperfectly competitive markets at mark-up prices.

Factors shaping innovation cooperation between companies and research and development institutions exemplified by the case of south-western Poland

The aim of this paper is the presentation of the probit models analysis factors shaping innovation cooperation between companies and research. The practical issue is exemplified by the case of south –western Poland. The main aspect is the stimulation of innovation cooperation with the R&D sector. The article shows local influence of regional location of the participants of the supply chain on innovation cooperation between industrial companies of south-west Poland and universities, research institutes and Polish Academy of Science. The paper is divided into three significant parts focusing on: cooperation between business and universities and Polish Academy of Science, research institutes and foreign R&D centers. The author of chapter investigates the probability of innovation cooperation between R&D sector institutions and industrial companies of south-west Poland which operate locally or regionally, the probability of innovation cooperation between R&D sector institutions and industrial companies of south-west Poland which operate internationally or at least nationally and the probability of innovation cooperation between R&D sector institutions and large and medium-sized industrial companies of south-west Poland.Preparation and printing funded by the National Agency for Research and Development under project “Kreator Innowacyjności – wparcie dla Przedsiębiorczości akademickiej

Public sector employment in Scotland [June 2012]

Industrial action over proposals to change pension and related conditions continued in the public sector and widened with industrial action planned by the BMA. In 2008 doctors had agreed to changes which meant they would work longer, increase their contributions to their pensions and accept the risk of increased contributions in the future – they believe this agreement has been ignored in recent changes. Public sector employment in Scotland continues to decline. The latest data at the time of writing this section (Q4 2011) indicates that there were 586,600 (553,000 excluding public sector financial institutions) employed in the public sector in Scotland, a decrease of 23,800 (3.9%) over the year. Employment in the devolved public sector declined by 19,100 (3.7%) to 490,400, due mainly to a decline in local government employment (down 12,000 over the year)

Regional applicability and potential of salt-gradient solar ponds in the United States. Volume 1: Executive summary

Findings of a survey concerning salt ponds are summarized. The residential, commercial, and institutional buildings sector is discussed. The industrial process heat sector is considered. The agricultural process heat sector is examined. The electrical power sector is reviewed. The desalinization sector is considered

Rethinking health sector procurement as developmental linkages in East Africa

Health care forms a large economic sector in all countries, and procurement of medicines and other essential commodities necessarily creates economic linkages between a country's health sector and local and international industrial development. These procurement processes may be positive or negative in their effects on populations' access to appropriate treatment and on local industrial development, yet procurement in low and middle income countries (LMICs) remains under-studied: generally analysed, when addressed at all, as a public sector technical and organisational challenge rather than a social and economic element of health system governance shaping its links to the wider economy. This article uses fieldwork in Tanzania and Kenya in 2012–15 to analyse procurement of essential medicines and supplies as a governance process for the health system and its industrial links, drawing on aspects of global value chain theory. We describe procurement work processes as experienced by front line staff in public, faith-based and private sectors, linking these experiences to wholesale funding sources and purchasing practices, and examining their implications for medicines access and for local industrial development within these East African countries. We show that in a context of poor access to reliable medicines, extensive reliance on private medicines purchase, and increasing globalisation of procurement systems, domestic linkages between health and industrial sectors have been weakened, especially in Tanzania. We argue in consequence for a more developmental perspective on health sector procurement design, including closer policy attention to strengthening vertical and horizontal relational working within local health-industry value chains, in the interests of both wider access to treatment and improved industrial development in Africa

Venture Capital Meets Industrial Sector and Location

This paper examines venture capital investment activity in the United States during the period 1995 to the first quarter 2009, taking into consideration both location and industry sector. The research question is whether industry and region are important factors in determining venture capital investment. Furthermore, the paper explores the effects of macroeconomic variables on investment activity. Consequently, the venture capital data are augmented by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Federal Funds Rate, three, five and ten year interest rates. By examining long term trends, the effect of the current economic crisis on venture capital investment may be better understood.Venture Capital; Economic Geography; Location; Biotechnology; Business Products and Services; Computers and Peripherals; Consumer Products and Services; Electronics and Instrumentation; Financial Services; Healthcare Services; Industrial and Energy; Information Technology Services; Media and Entertainment; Medical Devices and Equipment; Networking and Equipment; Retailing and Distribution; Semiconductors; Software; Telecommunications

HOW DIFFERENTLY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS RESPOND TO EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION?

This study divides the U.S. economy into the agricultural and industrial sectors and compares the degree of the involvement of exchange rates in each sector without specifying the rigid assumption of either exogeneity or endogeneity of exchange rates. Both short- and long-run impacts of shocks in the exchange rate are found to be significant. However, the effect of an exchange rate shock on the agricultural sector is larger than the industrial sector. This study fulfills a fundamental question about the role of exchange rate between the two sectors. The exchange rate is exogenous in the agricultural sector, while being endogenous in the industrial sector.Agricultural Finance,

Industrial Policy, Innovation Policy, and Japanese Competitiveness

Japan faces significant challenges in encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship. Attempts to formally model past industrial policy interventions uniformly uncover little, if any, positive impact on productivity, growth, or welfare. The evidence indicates that most resource flows went to large, politically influential “backward” sectors, suggesting that political economy considerations may be central to the apparent ineffectiveness of Japanese industrial policy. Rather than traditional industrial or science and technology policy, financial and labor market reforms appear more promising. As a group, Japan’s industrial firms are competitive relative to their foreign counterparts. Japan falls behind in the heavily regulated service sector. The problems are due less to a lack of industrial policy than to an excess of regulation. Japan may have more to gain through restructuring the lagging service sector than by expending resources in pursuit of marginal gains in the industrial sector.Japan, industrial policy, innovation policy