Green and Sustainable Concrete – The Potential Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Egg Shells

Concrete which is widely used material in the construction industry, has a carbon footprint. Approximately 10% of global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas is emitted during the production of cement which is vital ingredient of concrete. The increase in production of cement affects global warming and climate change. Therefore, many have attempts have been made to develop green and sustainable concrete by utilizing different waste materials. With the utilization of waste materials as cement replacement, the CO2 gas emissions can be reduced as well as resolve the environmental issues that the inhabitants face during the disposal of such waste materials. This paper reviews the potential and innovative utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Eggshells as partial cement replacement to develop green concrete. RHA which is rich in silica and eggshells contain identical amount of calcium oxide as cement, when finely grinded and used together as partial cement replacement, can trigger a pozzolanic reaction, in which silica reacts with calcium oxide resulting in the formation of calcium silicates which are responsible for achieving higher strengths

Experimental Evaluation of Eco-friendly Light Weight Concrete with Optimal Level of Rice Husk Ash Replacement

Concrete is a versatile and cost-effective building material whose properties are influenced by age, curing condition, and installation. A number of studies deduced that there should be an association of benefits encouraged the use of partial replacements of cement seems to improve strength and durability properties of concrete. This paper presents a framework for feasibility assessment and determination of optimum percentage of rice husk ash (RHA) replacement. Five mix plans with RHA replacing ratio of 0-20% and constant micro- silica value by 10% were prepared. Tests results indicated that compressive strength increased by 20% with an increase in RHA up to 15%. The similar trend was observed in mix designs made of cement replaced by RHA up to 20% in water absorption coefficient measurement. Higher chloride ion penetration was observed in mix designs containing 25% RHA compared to that of conventional concrete. Mixes developed a slightly higher impact resistance than the control mix

Experimental Study on The Effect of Additives in Geopolymer’s Kinetic Formation

Geopolymer is a novel material produced from the reaction between silica and alumina as the main raw material with an alkaline solution as an activator to the process so called as geopolymerization process. On top of that, most of the raw materials used in geopolymerization especially for the aluminosilicate materials are taken from the waste product such as fly ash, slag, volcanic ashes and wastewater from industry. Recently, there is an initiative in utilizing waste product from agricultural waste such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA), microwave incinerated rice husk ash (MIRHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the new raw materials for geopolymerization due to high composition of silica and fairly composition of alumina and other minerals. However, in geopolymer’s field of study, there is a lack of initiative in investigate the effects of setting time for the geopolymer to solidify with the manipulation of some important parameters and explained it by using Avrami’s Kinetic Theory and presented the concept connected to the nucleation of new crystal particles and growth rate of crystal particles into spherical shaped. Basically, this project is to determine the effect of additives in geopolymer’s kinetic formation. The manipulation of parameter in this study is the manipulation of the composition of the main aluminosilicate material. Tentatively, the main raw aluminosilicate material for this project is fly ash Class F with some additional percentage of agricultural waste ashes (POFA, RHA and SCBA) as the additives. Furthermore, this project also focuses on the growth of crystal in geopolymerization and explained it by using Avrami’s Kinetic Theory. From the sample characterization study in literature review, it is highly noticed that the amount of silica composition in the additives samples are the highest and fairly composition of alumina and other minerals are detected in the samples. From the experimental result, the increase composition of silica in the starting material of the geopolymerization hindered the time to solidify. Based on the Avrami’s Kinetic Theory, the transformation form of crystal in the geopolymerization process features two and three dimensional structures while some samples exhibits the existence of secondary nucleation in geopolymer’s growt

Study on the Effect of Micro-Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA) and Fly Ash (FA) in Geopolymer Cement

The objective of this research is to study Fly Ash (FA) and Micro Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA) as a cement binder replacement for Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Both Fly Ash and MIRHA are categorized as pozzolonic materials in which when combined with calcium hydroxide, will exhibits cementitious properties. This supplementary cementitious material is proven to be effective to meet most of the requirement of durable concrete as well as cement. In the modern oil and gas industry, the utilization of both these materials as cement blend is gaining the attention of many. When compared to OPC, its application is generally cheaper, reduce the environmental effects especially on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and improve the ordinary cement blend. Both materials are easily obtained from waste or by-products generated through industrial and agricultural activities. MIRHA was mixed with FA by the ratio of 1:1 and 3:7 without any addition of OPC, fine aggregate or coarse aggregates. The effect of curing time for 3, 7 and 14 days, water to binder ratio (w/b), water ratio and different mixture composition were studied through the observation of the final compressive strength result of the samples. The project is solely based on experimental analysis. The laboratory works will be carried out in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Petroleum Engineering and Civil Engineering laboratories. The experiments start from the incineration process to retrieve MIRHA and Rice Husk Ash (RHA), sieving, mixing, blending of the raw material and finally compressive strength test. The results indicate that the compressive strength development was the highest for batch A3 at 5 MPa by the 14th day, with 30wt.% MIRHA to 70wt.% FA, 10% water and w/b ratio of 0.95 in which the ratio of MIRHA and water was the lowest. Though the targeted compressive strength was no achieved, it was identified that the reduced amount of MIRHA and water appear to be the main contributor to the increasing compressive strength of geopolymer binder

SHRINKAGE OF MORTAR CONTAINING RICE HUSK ASH

Through this work, different amount of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) was employed as a partial replacement of cement with percentages of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and 20% in mortar mixes. The physical properties of control cement mortar, and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) mortar were tested to determine the effect of this material on mortar properties. Mortar specimens were cured in water for certain days, through which, shrinkage were tested at ages 4, 11, 18, 25, 28 and 60 days, while porosity test were determined at age 7, 28 and 60 days. All the specimens were immersed in lime saturated water for certain period. The obtained results show that the shrinkage and porosity of the mortar containing rice husk ash was better than that of the control cement mortar and the optimum amount ofRHA got from this research was 7.5%. One of the main reasons for the improvement of concrete properties upon addition of RHA possibly may be attributed to the formation of more C-S-H gel and 94- less portlandite in concrete due to the reaction occurring between RHA and the Ca , OH" ions, or Ca(OH)2 in hydrating cement

Implementation of green materials as supplementary cement replacement in the construction industry

Previous research has shown that supplementary cementations materials (SCM) can help reduce the usage of cement in concrete manufacture. However, despite the consensus among stakeholders on the urgent need to de-carbonize cement production and adopt green concrete for construction activities, current usage of supplementary cementations materials is still at a stagnant stage. The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of implementation of green materials as supplementary cement replacement in the Malaysian construction industry. To achieve the research aim, questionnaires survey was distributed and interviews were conducted with industry players in multiple cement, precast and ready mix concrete companies. This research also conducted concurrent triangulation mixed method approach where the data was collected, coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 24 and Microsoft Excel Software 2016. The method of analysis used was cross tabulation, exploratory factor analysis and mean score ranking for the quantitative data while content analysis was used in analyzing the qualitative data. The research findings indicated that there was moderate level of awareness but low level of compliance. This study also discovered multiple challenges hindering the application of SCM in the construction industry ranging from lack of knowledge and technical knowhow on quality and importance of SCM, the inactiveness of regulatory bodies in regulating and the enforcement of policies. Finally, this study also proposes key strategies such as training of industry players, enforcement of policies and increased awareness and enlightenment program to promote the application of green materials as supplementary cement replacement

EFFECTS OF GRINDING CYCLES AND TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF MIRHA IN CONCRETE

Rice is one of the primary sources of foods especially for human needs and it covers about 1% of the earth’s surface. Nowadays, about 600 million tons of rice paddies are produced in a year. The annual production of the main sources is approximately about 120 million of tones whereby it remains about 20% of husk

Analysis of Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Cement

Due to increasing of industrial waste product, as well as environmental concern on conventional cement due to CO2 emission, a new green cement technology has been developed known as geopolymer cement. However, it is crucial that geopolymer cement can meet the specific requirement to ensure its efficiency in downhole condition. Industrial by products were utilized as raw material for geopolymer cement in this project. They are Fly Ash (FA) and Microwave Incinerated Rice Husk Ash (MIRHA). Numerous studies have been done on the application of fly ash in geopolymer cement and it has been proven that fly ash is a good raw material which can form geopolymer cement with high compressive strength. However, due to abundance of rice husk as waste materials that is not widely utilized, there are also several studies on the employment of MIRHA in geopolymer cement. Yet the contribution of MIRHA in compressive strength of geopolymer cement has not been extensively studied. Hence, this project studies the compressive strength of geopolymer cement composed of fly ash, and MIRHA as raw material and the effect of addition of different percentage of silica fume towards the strength development. Microstructure studies also were conducted to confirm the result of compressive strength of the sample by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

An Experimental Study On Strength Characteristics Of Fiber Rinforced Concrete By Using Pozzolanas

High Performance Concrete Is Defined As Concrete That Meets Special Performance Sets And Standardization Requirements That Cannot Always Be Routinely Achieved Using Conventional Ingredients And Normal Mixing, Formulation And Curing Practices. It Has Been Widely Used In Large-Scale Concrete Construction Requiring High Strength, High Flow Capacity, And High Durability. High-Strength Concrete Is Always High-Strength Concrete, But High-Performance Concrete Is Not Always High-Strength Concrete. Durable Concrete Selecting High-Strength Concrete Does Not Guarantee The Achievement Of Durable Concrete. It Is Very Difficult To Get A Product That Meets All The Characteristics At The Same Time. So Various Pozzolanic Substances Like Granular Floor Kiln Slag (Ggbs), Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash, Fly Ash, And Highly Reactive Methacholine Are Some Of The Pozzolanic Materials That Can Be Used In Concrete. As A Partial Substitute For Cement, Which Are Very Basic Ingredients To Produce High-Performance Concrete. We Prepare Grout, Cube, Cylinder, Sawing And Finally Compression Test, Split Test And Bending Test. Finally, The Porosity And Permeability Test Was Carried Out. Furthermore, To Obtain Such Performances That Cannot Be Obtained From Conventional Concrete And With The Current Method, A Large Number Of Experimental Mixtures Are Required To Determine The Desired Combination Of Materials That Meet The Particular Performance.