After Inclusion

What forms of discrimination are likely to be salient in the coming decade? This review flags a cluster of problems that roughly fall under the rubric of inclusive exclusions or discrimination by inclusion. Much contemporary discrimination theory and empirical work is concerned not simply with mapping the forces that keep people out of the labor market but also with identifying the forces that push them into hierarchical structures within workplaces and labor markets. Underwriting this effort is the notion that, although determining what happens before and during the moment in which a prospective employee is excluded from an employment opportunity remains crucial to antidiscrimination theory and practice, significant employment discrimination problems can occur after a person is hired and becomes an employee. These problems transcend racial and sexual harassment. They include a range of subtle institutional practices and interpersonal dynamics that create systemic advantages for some employees and disadvantages for others. We predict that the next generation of race discrimination scholarship will engage these “after inclusion” workplace difficulties theoretically, empirically, and doctrinally

Foreigners, Immigrants, Host Cities: The Policies of Multi-Ethnicity in Rome. Reading Governance in a Local Context

This paper reviews the experience of Rome in dealing with the challenges posed by a multi-ethnic society. A central feature of the local political strategy is the “Pact of Integration”. The adoption of the Pact proposes governance as a model of participation including many actors, namely immigrant communities, in the comprehensive development of the quality of life of the city and not only in the decision-making mechanisms of local powers. The Pact represents a contract by which the social and political acceptance of foreigners in the local environment is perceived as benefiting both the foreign and autochthonous communities. On one hand, immigrants are incorporated into their local environment, following from the recognition of foreigners’ rights and needs for solidarity. On the other hand, foreigners are considered agents of local development insofar as they are both consumers and producers. The multiethnic society can then be a source of development. The preface by Franca Eckert Coen provides an overview of the city’s experiences in managing religious differences.Immigration, Governance, Multi-ethnicity

A Matter of Rhetoric: The Diversity Rationale in Political Context

This article argues that Grutter v. Bollinger’s reliance on the diversity rationale for affirmative action in higher education was proper because diversity is better suited to the political purpose of preserving minority political gains than the preferred scholarly theories of historical remediation or current discrimination; considering the political impact of a decision and its rhetoric – the way it frames public discourse – is the appropriate province of the judiciary where the interests of discrete and insular minorities are at issue.Diversity has political utility for the reasons that most scholars criticize it: because diversity is a malleable and indefinite concept which may describe white students as well as it does people of color. While shifty notions like diversity are viewed with skepticism in the legal academy, they are well suited to political ends like coalition building. The article also exposes the political flaws in the justifications for affirmative action that scholars prefer and shows how their use in the political arena might do damage to minority political gains by catalyzing potentially destructive political conflict. Finally, the article takes a close look at Justice O’Connor’s majority opinion in Grutter and argues that it is a self-consciously political ruling that has the effect of framing the political and legal discourse in a manner that affirms the limited political power people of color enjoy

After Inclusion

What forms of discrimination are likely to be salient in the coming decade? This review flags a cluster of problems that roughly fall under the rubric of inclusive exclusions or discrimination by inclusion. Much contemporary discrimination theory and empirical work is concerned not simply with mapping the forces that keep people out of the labor market but also with identifying the forces that push them into hierarchical structures within workplaces and labor markets. Underwriting this effort is the notion that, although determining what happens before and during the moment in which a prospective employee is excluded from an employment opportunity remains crucial to antidiscrimination theory and practice, significant employment discrimination problems can occur after a person is hired and becomes an employee. These problems transcend racial and sexual harassment. They include a range of subtle institutional practices and interpersonal dynamics that create systemic advantages for some employees and disadvantages for others. We predict that the next generation of race discrimination scholarship will engage these “after inclusion” workplace difficulties theoretically, empirically, and doctrinally

Optimal Sensor Selection for Health Monitoring Systems

Sensor data are the basis for performance and health assessment of most complex systems. Careful selection and implementation of sensors is critical to enable high fidelity system health assessment. A model-based procedure that systematically selects an optimal sensor suite for overall health assessment of a designated host system is described. This procedure, termed the Systematic Sensor Selection Strategy (S4), was developed at NASA John H. Glenn Research Center in order to enhance design phase planning and preparations for in-space propulsion health management systems (HMS). Information and capabilities required to utilize the S4 approach in support of design phase development of robust health diagnostics are outlined. A merit metric that quantifies diagnostic performance and overall risk reduction potential of individual sensor suites is introduced. The conceptual foundation for this merit metric is presented and the algorithmic organization of the S4 optimization process is described. Representative results from S4 analyses of a boost stage rocket engine previously under development as part of NASA's Next Generation Launch Technology (NGLT) program are presented

Anti-Racist Policies in France. From Ideological and Historical Schemes to Socio-Political Realities

In France, since the 1980s, imaginaries derived from decolonization have played a major role in the elaboration of anti-racist policies. Simultaneously, because of the universalistic conception of the French Republic, the use of ethnic categories has been taboo and systematically replaced, in political schemes, by socio-economic criteria. Multiculturalism, in the Anglo-Saxon meaning, has therefore not been a traditional political analysis framework. Nevertheless, since the 1990s, the French model of integration, which was based on the individual, has been more and more accused of giving way to inequalities and racism. For ten years, the rise of the concept of the «ethnicization» of cultural groups in public debate has thus inspired political demands that require concrete answers, notably against urban violence and education.Anti-racist policies, French model of integration, Multiculturalism, Ethnicization, Urban violence, Education

Recommendations for the selection of in situ measurement techniques for radiological characterization in nuclear/radiological installations under decommissioning and dismantling processes

[EN] In this paper, in-situ radiological characterisation by means of non-destructive techniques is studied and analysed in the context of the different constrained environments (identified as radioactivity, materials, accessibility and other hazards) that may be encountered in the nuclear facilities undergoing decommissioning and dismantling. As a complement to a previous paper (Aspe et al., 2020), the present one gives a global guidance to assist with the decision making process regarding the selection of in-situ measurement techniques that could be applied in such constrained environments. In addition, from the definition of the investigation objectives, and for each one of the most common in-situ measurement techniques, a brief description is given about the impact of the above constraints and how to integrate them onto the system definition, including the experimental design, the mechanical integration and the data management, to properly define the best radiological characterization methodology. Moreover, complementing this general view, all the phases – from initial to final – of a D&D programme were taken into account to provide basic recommendations, together with some particular dispositions, for the appropriate implementation of the chosen instruments. Strengths and weaknesses of the common detectors used for the different in-situ measurement techniques, as well as their recommended applications in nuclear facilities are also outlined.The research leading to these results has been carried out in the framework of the European INSIDER project and has received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement no. 755554

Research program on exposure dose reconstruction and multimedia simulation tool

Issued as Annual progress report, and Research proposal, Project E-20-X7