204 research outputs found

    Adaptive vehicular networking with Deep Learning

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    Vehicular networks have been identified as a key enabler for future smart traffic applications aiming to improve on-road safety, increase road traffic efficiency, or provide advanced infotainment services to improve on-board comfort. However, the requirements of smart traffic applications also place demands on vehicular networks’ quality in terms of high data rates, low latency, and reliability, while simultaneously meeting the challenges of sustainability, green network development goals and energy efficiency. The advances in vehicular communication technologies combined with the peculiar characteristics of vehicular networks have brought challenges to traditional networking solutions designed around fixed parameters using complex mathematical optimisation. These challenges necessitate greater intelligence to be embedded in vehicular networks to realise adaptive network optimisation. As such, one promising solution is the use of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to extract hidden patterns from collected data thus formulating adaptive network optimisation solutions with strong generalisation capabilities. In this thesis, an overview of the underlying technologies, applications, and characteristics of vehicular networks is presented, followed by the motivation of using ML and a general introduction of ML background. Additionally, a literature review of ML applications in vehicular networks is also presented drawing on the state-of-the-art of ML technology adoption. Three key challenging research topics have been identified centred around network optimisation and ML deployment aspects. The first research question and contribution focus on mobile Handover (HO) optimisation as vehicles pass between base stations; a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) handover algorithm is proposed and evaluated against the currently deployed method. Simulation results suggest that the proposed algorithm can guarantee optimal HO decision in a realistic simulation setup. The second contribution explores distributed radio resource management optimisation. Two versions of a Federated Learning (FL) enhanced DRL algorithm are proposed and evaluated against other state-of-the-art ML solutions. Simulation results suggest that the proposed solution outperformed other benchmarks in overall resource utilisation efficiency, especially in generalisation scenarios. The third contribution looks at energy efficiency optimisation on the network side considering a backdrop of sustainability and green networking. A cell switching algorithm was developed based on a Graph Neural Network (GNN) model and the proposed energy efficiency scheme is able to achieve almost 95% of the metric normalised energy efficiency compared against the “ideal” optimal energy efficiency benchmark and is capable of being applied in many more general network configurations compared with the state-of-the-art ML benchmark

    A Study on Three Dimensional Spatial Scattering Modulation Systems

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    With an explosive growth of data traffic demand, the researchers of the mobile communication era forecast that the traffic volume will have a 1000x increase in the forthcoming beyond fifth generation (B5G) network. To satisfy the growing traffic demand, the three-dimensional (3-D) multiple-input-and-multiple-output (MIMO) system is considered as a key technology to enhance spectrum efficiency (SE), which explores degrees of freedom in both the vertical and the horizontal dimensions. Combined with 3-D MIMO technology, index modulation (IM) is proposed to improve both energy efficiency (EE) and SE in the B5G era. Existing IM technologies can be categorized according to the domain in which the additional IM bits are modulated, e.g., the spatial-domain IM, the frequency-domain IM and the beamspace-domain IM etc. As one of the mainstream IM techniques, spatial scattering modulation (SSM) is proposed, which works in the beamspace-domain. For SSM systems, the information bits are denoted by the distinguishable signal scattering paths and the modulated symbols. Therein, two information bit streams are transmitted simultaneously by selections of modulated symbols and scattering paths. However, the existing papers only discuss two-dimensional (2-D) SSM systems. The 2-D SSM system applies linear antenna arrays, which only take the azimuth angles to recognise the direction of scattering paths. Therefore, to take the full advantage of the beamspace-domain resources, this thesis mainly focuses on the 3-D SSM system design and the performance evaluation. Firstly, a novel 3-D SSM system is designed. For the 3-D SSM system, besides the azimuth angles of arrival (AoA) and angles of departure (AoD), the elevation AoA and AoD are considered. Then the optimum detection algorithm is obtained, and the closed-form union upper bound expression on average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived. Moreover, the system performance is evaluated under a typical indoor environment. Numerical results indicate that the novel 3-D SSM system outperforms the conventional 2-D SSM system, which reduces the ABEP by 10 times with the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) level under the typical indoor environment. Secondly, for the system equipped with large-scale antenna arrays, hybrid beamforming schemes with several RF-chains have attracted more attention. To further explore the throughput of the 3-D SSM system, a generalised 3-D SSM system is proposed, which generates several RF-chains in a transmission time slot to convey modulated symbols. A system model of generalised 3-D SSM is proposed at first. Then an optimum detection algorithm is designed. Meanwhile, a closed-form expression of the ABEP is also derived and validated by Monte-Carlo simulation. For the performance evaluation, three stochastic propagation environments with randomly distributed scatterers are adopted. The results reveal that the generalised 3-D SSM system has better ABEP performance compared with the system with a single RF-chain. Considering different propagation environments, the SSM system has better ABEP performance under the statical propagation environments than the stochastic propagation environments. Thirdly, to reduce the hardware and computational complexities, two optimisation schemes are proposed for the generalised 3-D SSM systems. The 2-D fast Fourier transform (FFT) based transceivers are designed to improve the hardware friendliness, which replace the analogue phase shift networks by the multi-bit phase shifter networks. To reduce the computational complexity of the optimum detection algorithm, a low-complexity detection scheme is designed based on the linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm. Meanwhile, to quickly evaluate, the asymptotic ABEP performance and the diversity gain of the generalised 3-D SSM system are obtained

    Mechanism and function of nuclear HCAR1

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    Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) sont une famille de protéines hautement conservée chez les eucaryotes et constituent la plus grande famille de récepteurs. Ces récepteurs sont impliqués dans presque tous les processus physiologiques, mais leur capacité à réguler un vaste éventail de processus biologiques différents fait l'objet de recherches intenses. Bien qu'ils soient classiquement considérés comme des récepteurs de la membrane plasmique, les RCPG sont présents dans tous les organites membranaires intracellulaires et certains d'entre eux ont la capacité de transduire des signaux à partir de ces organites. La signalisation d'un RCPG à partir de ces organelles intracellulaires est appelée signalisation biaisée par la localisation et cette signalisation peut avoir un résultat fonctionnel différent de celui des événements de signalisation du récepteur localisé dans la membrane plasmique. La signalisation biaisée par la localisation est un concept émergent en biologie des RCPG et peut ajouter une couche supplémentaire à la fonction du récepteur. D'autre part, avec la détection de certains RCPG à l'intérieur de différents organites, y compris le noyau, une modalité fonctionnelle non réceptrice pour les RCPG pourrait être postulée et pourrait également expliquer les divers rôles de cette famille. Cependant, cet aspect est presque entièrement inexploré. HCAR1 (GPR81), en tant que RCPG, est activé de manière endogène par le lactate et il a été démontré qu'il favorise la malignité du cancer en favorisant un niveau plus élevé de glycolyse dû à l'effet Warburg et cela par différentes voies. Son niveau d'expression est très élevé dans de nombreux cancers et présente une corrélation négative avec le pronostic du patient. Cependant, son mécanisme d'action n'est pas bien compris. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la localisation nucléaire et les rôles potentiels du HCAR1 et nous avons découvert que ce récepteur est localisé à la membrane nucléaire et à l'intérieur du noyau, en plus de sa localisation à la membrane plasmique. Le HCAR1 nucléaire (N-HCAR1) est capable d'induire une signalisation intranucléaire basée sur la localisation pour induire la phosphorylation de ERK et d’AKT dans le noyau. En utilisant des approches protéomiques et génomiques, nous avons découvert que N-HCAR1 est impliqué dans plusieurs fonctions non réceptrices régulant différents processus à travers ses interactomes nucléaires. Ce regroupement nucléaire de HCAR1, en fonction de ses facteurs de liaison, favorise la traduction des protéines, la biogenèse ribosomale et la réparation des dommages à l'ADN. De manière intéressante, N-HCAR1 interagit également avec des facteurs de remodelage de la chromatine et régule directement l'expression des gènes d'après notre séquençage ChIP à l'échelle du génome. Nous avons également effectué un séquençage de l’ARN et les résultats montrent que N-HCAR1 régule l'expression d'un réseau de gènes plus large que son homologue de la membrane plasmique. Notamment, l'exclusion nucléaire de HCAR1 s'est avérée avoir le même effet que son knockdown complet sur la croissance tumorale et les métastases in vivo. Nos données révèlent une signalisation basée sur la localisation et des fonctions non canoniques pour un RCPG dans le noyau par lesquelles HCAR1 peut réguler différents processus cellulaires.G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) are a highly conserved protein family in eukaryotes through evolution and they are the largest receptor family. These receptors are virtually involved in every physiological processes, but their ability to regulate such a vast array of different biological processes is under intense investigation. Although classically considered a plasma membrane receptor, GPCRs are found in every intracellular membranous organelle and some of them are shown to have the capacity for signal transduction from those organelles. The signaling of a GPCR from these intracellular organelles is called location-biased signaling and this signaling could have a different functional output than the signaling events from the plasma membrane-localized receptor. Location-biased signaling is an emerging concept in the GPCR biology and can add an extra layer to the receptor function. On the other hand, with the detection of some GPCRs inside different organelles including the nucleus, a non-receptor functional modality for GPCRs could be postulated and could also account for the diverse roles of this family. However, this aspect is almost entirely unexplored. HCAR1 (GPR81), as a GPCR, is endogenously activated by lactate and has been shown to promote cancer malignancy via a higher level of glycolysis due to the Warburg effect, through different pathways. Its expression level is highly elevated in many cancers and negatively correlates with the patient’s prognosis. However, its mechanism of action is not well understood. In this thesis, we investigated the nuclear localization and potential roles of HCAR1 therein and we found this receptor is localized to the nuclear membrane and inside the nucleus, besides its plasma membrane localization. The Nuclear HCAR1 (N-HCAR1) is capable of inducing location-biased signaling intranuclearly to induce nuclear-ERK and AKT phosphorylation. Using proteomics and genomics approaches, we discovered that N-HCAR1 is involved in several different non-receptor functions regulating different processes through its nuclear interactomes. This nuclear pool of HCAR1, depending on its binding factors, promotes protein translation, ribosomal biogenesis, and DNA-damage repair. Interestingly, N-HCAR1 also interacts with chromatin remodeling factors and directly regulates gene expression based on our genome-wide ChIP-sequencing. We also performed RNA-seq, and the results show N-HCAR1 regulates the expression of a broader gene network than its plasma membrane counterpart. Notably, nuclear exclusion of HCAR1 proved to have the same effect as its complete knockdown on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Our data reveal location-biased signaling and non-canonical functions for a GPCR in the nucleus by which HCAR1 can regulate different cellular processes

    The 6G Architecture Landscape:European Perspective

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    Performance of wireless optical telecommunication systems in the presence of fading and interference

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    Postojeći komunikacioni sistem u domenu RF elektromagnetnog spektra nije u mogućnosti da zadovolji sve potrebe brzog i obimnog prenosa podataka, koje se javljaju usled ekspanzije i sve veće upotrebe IoT uređaja, 5G i B5G mreža, kao i raznovrsnih aplikacija i multimedijalnog sadržaja. Optička bežična komunikacija (OWC), koja koristi veliki opseg nelicenciranog dela spektra, se pokazala kao dobra alternativa za ublažavanje nedostataka konvencionalnog sistema za prenos podataka koji radi u RF domenu. FSO (Free Space Optics) tehnologija predstavlja jednu od vrsta optičkih bežičnih komunikacija, ima veliku upotrebu u LAN i MAN mrežama , bežičnom video nadzoru, koristi se u medicinske svrhe, u svemirskoj komunikaciji, za rešavanje problema poslednje milje itd. Primena bežičnih komunikacija, znatno može da doprinese performansama sistema, i to u smislu spektralne i energetske efikasnosti kao i u smislu pouzdanosti. U disertaciji je u cilju utvrđivanja optimalnog scenarija prijema signala, kao i određivanja optimalnih vrednosti parametara takvog prenosa, izvršena analiza karakteristika bežičnog optičkog prenosa signala u prisustvu turbulencije i efekta greške pozicioniranja, koji se odvija pod kompozitnim uticajem navedenih smetnji. Za posmatrane scenarije prenosa razmatrane su standardne mere performansi sistema, kao što su srednja verovatnoća greške po bitu, posmatrana za odgovarajuće modulacione formate, kao i verovatnoća otkaza. Predstavljena su analitička i numerička rešenja problema, a uticaji pojedinih parametara sistema na performanse bežičnog optičkog prenosa prikazani su i grafički

    Technologies for urban and rural internet of things

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    Nowadays, application domains such as smart cities, agriculture or intelligent transportation, require communication technologies that combine long transmission ranges and energy efficiency to fulfill a set of capabilities and constraints to rely on. In addition, in recent years, the interest in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) providing wireless connectivity in such scenarios is substantially increased thanks to their flexible deployment. The first chapters of this thesis deal with LoRaWAN and Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), which recent trends identify as the most promising Low Power Wide Area Networks technologies. While LoRaWAN is an open protocol that has gained a lot of interest thanks to its simplicity and energy efficiency, NB-IoT has been introduced from 3GPP as a radio access technology for massive machine-type communications inheriting legacy LTE characteristics. This thesis offers an overview of the two, comparing them in terms of selected performance indicators. In particular, LoRaWAN technology is assessed both via simulations and experiments, considering different network architectures and solutions to improve its performance (e.g., a new Adaptive Data Rate algorithm). NB-IoT is then introduced to identify which technology is more suitable depending on the application considered. The second part of the thesis introduces the use of UAVs as flying Base Stations, denoted as Unmanned Aerial Base Stations, (UABSs), which are considered as one of the key pillars of 6G to offer service for a number of applications. To this end, the performance of an NB-IoT network are assessed considering a UABS following predefined trajectories. Then, machine learning algorithms based on reinforcement learning and meta-learning are considered to optimize the trajectory as well as the radio resource management techniques the UABS may rely on in order to provide service considering both static (IoT sensors) and dynamic (vehicles) users. Finally, some experimental projects based on the technologies mentioned so far are presented

    Optimization of 5G Second Phase Heterogeneous Radio Access Networks with Small Cells

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    Due to the exponential increase in high data-demanding applications and their services per coverage area, it is becoming challenging for the existing cellular network to handle the massive sum of users with their demands. It is conceded to network operators that the current wireless network may not be capable to shelter future traffic demands. To overcome the challenges the operators are taking interest in efficiently deploying the heterogeneous network. Currently, 5G is in the commercialization phase. Network evolution with addition of small cells will develop the existing wireless network with its enriched capabilities and innovative features. Presently, the 5G global standardization has introduced the 5G New Radio (NR) under the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It can support a wide range of frequency bands (<6 GHz to 100 GHz). For different trends and verticals, 5G NR encounters, functional splitting and its cost evaluation are well-thought-out. The aspects of network slicing to the assessment of the business opportunities and allied standardization endeavours are illustrated. The study explores the carrier aggregation (Pico cellular) technique for 4G to bring high spectral efficiency with the support of small cell massification while benefiting from statistical multiplexing gain. One has been able to obtain values for the goodput considering CA in LTE-Sim (4G), of 40 Mbps for a cell radius of 500 m and of 29 Mbps for a cell radius of 50 m, which is 3 times higher than without CA scenario (2.6 GHz plus 3.5 GHz frequency bands). Heterogeneous networks have been under investigation for many years. Heterogeneous network can improve users service quality and resource utilization compared to homogeneous networks. Quality of service can be enhanced by putting the small cells (Femtocells or Picocells) inside the Microcells or Macrocells coverage area. Deploying indoor Femtocells for 5G inside the Macro cellular network can reduce the network cost. Some service providers have started their solutions for indoor users but there are still many challenges to be addressed. The 5G air-simulator is updated to deploy indoor Femto-cell with proposed assumptions with uniform distribution. For all the possible combinations of apartments side length and transmitter power, the maximum number of supported numbers surpassed the number of users by more than two times compared to papers mentioned in the literature. Within outdoor environments, this study also proposed small cells optimization by putting the Pico cells within a Macro cell to obtain low latency and high data rate with the statistical multiplexing gain of the associated users. Results are presented 5G NR functional split six and split seven, for three frequency bands (2.6 GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.62 GHz). Based on the analysis for shorter radius values, the best is to select the 2.6 GHz to achieve lower PLR and to support a higher number of users, with better goodput, and higher profit (for cell radius u to 400 m). In 4G, with CA, from the analysis of the economic trade-off with Picocell, the Enhanced multi-band scheduler EMBS provide higher revenue, compared to those without CA. It is clearly shown that the profit of CA is more than 4 times than in the without CA scenario. This means that the slight increase in the cost of CA gives back more than 4-time profit relatively to the ”without” CA scenario.Devido ao aumento exponencial de aplicações/serviços de elevado débito por unidade de área, torna-se bastante exigente, para a rede celular existente, lidar com a enormes quantidades de utilizadores e seus requisitos. É reconhecido que as redes móveis e sem fios atuais podem não conseguir suportar a procura de tráfego junto dos operadores. Para responder a estes desafios, os operadores estão-se a interessar pelo desenvolvimento de redes heterogéneas eficientes. Atualmente, a 5G está na fase de comercialização. A evolução destas redes concretizar-se-á com a introdução de pequenas células com aptidões melhoradas e características inovadoras. No presente, os organismos de normalização da 5G globais introduziram os Novos Rádios (NR) 5G no contexto do 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). A 5G pode suportar uma gama alargada de bandas de frequência (<6 a 100 GHz). Abordam-se as divisões funcionais e avaliam-se os seus custos para as diferentes tendências e verticais dos NR 5G. Ilustram-se desde os aspetos de particionamento funcional da rede à avaliação das oportunidades de negócio, aliadas aos esforços de normalização. Exploram-se as técnicas de agregação de espetro (do inglês, CA) para pico células, em 4G, a disponibilização de eficiência espetral, com o suporte da massificação de pequenas células, e o ganho de multiplexagem estatística associado. Obtiveram-se valores do débito binário útil, considerando CA no LTE-Sim (4G), de 40 e 29 Mb/s para células de raios 500 e 50 m, respetivamente, três vezes superiores em relação ao caso sem CA (bandas de 2.6 mais 3.5 GHz). Nas redes heterogéneas, alvo de investigação há vários anos, a qualidade de serviço e a utilização de recursos podem ser melhoradas colocando pequenas células (femto- ou pico-células) dentro da área de cobertura de micro- ou macro-células). O desenvolvimento de pequenas células 5G dentro da rede com macro-células pode reduzir os custos da rede. Alguns prestadores de serviços iniciaram as suas soluções para ambientes de interior, mas ainda existem muitos desafios a ser ultrapassados. Atualizou-se o 5G air simulator para representar a implantação de femto-células de interior com os pressupostos propostos e distribuição espacial uniforme. Para todas as combinações possíveis do comprimento lado do apartamento, o número máximo de utilizadores suportado ultrapassou o número de utilizadores suportado (na literatura) em mais de duas vezes. Em ambientes de exterior, propuseram-se pico-células no interior de macro-células, de forma a obter atraso extremo-a-extremo reduzido e taxa de transmissão dados elevada, resultante do ganho de multiplexagem estatística associado. Apresentam-se resultados para as divisões funcionais seis e sete dos NR 5G, para 2.6 GHz, 3.5GHz e 5.62 GHz. Para raios das células curtos, a melhor solução será selecionar a banda dos 2.6 GHz para alcançar PLR (do inglês, PLR) reduzido e suportar um maior número de utilizadores, com débito binário útil e lucro mais elevados (para raios das células até 400 m). Em 4G, com CA, da análise do equilíbrio custos-proveitos com pico-células, o escalonamento multi-banda EMBS (do inglês, Enhanced Multi-band Scheduler) disponibiliza proveitos superiores em comparação com o caso sem CA. Mostra-se claramente que lucro com CA é mais de quatro vezes superior do que no cenário sem CA, o que significa que um aumento ligeiro no custo com CA resulta num aumento de 4-vezes no lucro relativamente ao cenário sem CA

    Security Threats to 5G Networks for Social Robots in Public Spaces: A Survey

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    This paper surveys security threats to 5G-enabled wireless access networks for social robots in public spaces (SRPS). The use of social robots (SR) in public areas requires specific Quality of Service (QoS) planning to meet its unique requirements. Its 5G threat landscape entails more than cybersecurity threats that most previous studies focus on. This study examines the 5G wireless RAN for SRPS from three perspectives: SR and wireless access points, the ad hoc network link between SR and user devices, and threats to SR and users’ communication equipment. The paper analyses the security threats to confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorisation, and privacy from the SRPS security objectives perspective. We begin with an overview of SRPS use cases and access network requirements, followed by 5G security standards, requirements, and the need for a more representative threat landscape for SRPS. The findings confirm that the RAN of SRPS is most vulnerable to physical, side-channel, intrusion, injection, manipulation, and natural and malicious threats. The paper presents existing mitigation to the identified attacks and recommends including physical level security (PLS) and post-quantum cryptography in the early design of SRPS. The insights from this survey will provide valuable risk assessment and management input to researchers, industrial practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders of SRPS.publishedVersio

    Resource Management and Backhaul Routing in Millimeter-Wave IAB Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

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    Thesis (PhD (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2023..The increased densification of wireless networks has led to the development of integrated access and backhaul (IAB) networks. In this thesis, deep reinforcement learning was applied to solve resource management and backhaul routing problems in millimeter-wave IAB networks. In the research work, a resource management solution that aims to avoid congestion for access users in an IAB network was proposed and implemented. The proposed solution applies deep reinforcement learning to learn an optimized policy that aims to achieve effective resource allocation whilst minimizing congestion and satisfying the user requirements. In addition, a deep reinforcement learning-based backhaul adaptation strategy that leverages a recursive discrete choice model was implemented in simulation. Simulation results where the proposed algorithms were compared with two baseline methods showed that the proposed scheme provides better throughput and delay performance.Sentech Chair in Broadband Wireless Multimedia Communications.Electrical, Electronic and Computer EngineeringPhD (Electronic Engineering)Unrestricte
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