215,292 research outputs found
Cultural Learning in a Dynamic Environment: an Analysis of Both Fitness and Diversity in Populations of Neural Network Agents
Evolutionary learning is a learning model that can be described as the iterative Darwinian process of fitness-based selection and genetic transfer of information leading to populations of higher fitness. Cultural learning describes the process of information transfer between individuals in a population through non-genetic means. Cultural learning has been simulated by combining genetic algorithms and neural networks using a teacher/pupil scenario where highly fit individuals are selected as teachers and instruct the next generation. This paper examines the effects of cultural learning on the evolutionary process of a population of neural networks. In particular, the paper examines the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of a population as well as its fitness. Using these measurements, it is possible to examine the effects of cultural learning on the population's genetic makeup. Furthermore, the paper examines whether cultural learning provides a more robust learning mechanism in the face of environmental changes. Three benchmark tasks have been chosen as the evolutionary task for the population: the bit-parity problem, the game of tic-tac-toe and the game of connect-four. Experiments are conducted with populations employing evolutionary learning alone and populations combining evolutionary and cultural learning in an environment that changes dramatically.Cultural Learning, Dynamic Environments, Diversity, Multi-Agent Systems, Artificial Life
How epigenetic evolution can guide genetic evolution (abstract)
The expression level of a gene in future generations can be modified both by genetic mutations and by the attachment of methyl groups to the DNA. Since the DNA methylation pattern along a genome is inherited, methylation patterns constitute a significant epigenetic inheritance mechanism that is subject to evolution by natural selection. The variation rate of methylation patterns is generally higher than that of DNA which suggests that evolution of methylation patterns might be more rapid than that of genetic evolution. But, common consequences of methylation, such as reduced expression of methylated genes, could also be produced by genetic changes and these would have higher heritability. The question we address in this work is how the evolution of epigenetic methylation-dependent phenotypes might interact with the evolution of genetic DNA-determined phenotypes. There is no biological mechanism known to directly transfer methyl groups into equivalent DNA changes. However, in principle an indirect mechanism could cause evolved methylation patterns to enable the subsequent evolution of equivalent genetic patterns in a manner analogous to the Baldwin effect (Baldwin, Am. Nat., 30:441-451, 1896; Jablonka et al, TREE, 13:206-210, 1998). The Baldwin effect describes how non-heritable acquired characteristics can influence the evolution of equivalent genetic characteristics without any direct Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characters. This occurs because the ability to acquire or learn a new behaviour changes the selective pressures acting on genetic changes. Specifically, genetic changes that support this behaviour, e.g. by reducing learning time by making a small part of the behaviour genetically innate, may be selected for when the learning mechanism is present even though these same genetic changes may not be selected for when the learning mechanism is absent. Over generations, the modified selection pressures so produced can cause genetic assimilation of a phenotype that was previously acquired, even to the extent of making the acquisition mechanism subsequently redundant. Thus a learned behaviour can guide the evolution of an equivalent innate behaviour (Hinton & Nowlan, Complex Systems, 1: 495-502, 1987). In the Baldwin effect a rapid mechanism of lifetime adaptation guides the relatively slow genetic evolution of the same behaviour. By analogy, Jablonka et al have suggested that âgenetic adaptations may be guided by heritable induced or learnt phenotypic adaptationsâ. Here we hypothesise that âinherited epigenetic variations may be able to âholdâ an adapted state for long enough to allow similar genetic variations to catch upâ, as they put it, even if the epigenetic variations are not induced or learnt but simply evolved by natural selection on methylation patterns. We assume that an individual may only express one phenotype in its lifetime, but that a given genome will persist relatively unchanged on a timescale that allows its methylome to adapt by natural selection. Thus, in contrast to the Baldwin effect, in this case two mechanisms of evolution by natural selection are coupled â one acting at a different variation rate from the other. We present a simple model to illustrate how a rapidly evolving methylome can guide a slowly evolving but highly-heritable genome. This is used to show that methylome evolution can enable genetic evolution to cross fitness valleys that would otherwise require multiple genetic changes that were each selected against. This finding suggests that the relatively rapid evolution of methylation patterns can produce novel phenotypes that are subsequently genetically assimilated in DNA evolution without direct transfer or appeal to induced phenotypes. This can enable the genetic evolution of new phenotypes that would not be found by genetic evolution alone, even if methylation is not significant in the ultimate phenotype
Relatedness Measures to Aid the Transfer of Building Blocks among Multiple Tasks
Multitask Learning is a learning paradigm that deals with multiple different
tasks in parallel and transfers knowledge among them. XOF, a Learning
Classifier System using tree-based programs to encode building blocks
(meta-features), constructs and collects features with rich discriminative
information for classification tasks in an observed list. This paper seeks to
facilitate the automation of feature transferring in between tasks by utilising
the observed list. We hypothesise that the best discriminative features of a
classification task carry its characteristics. Therefore, the relatedness
between any two tasks can be estimated by comparing their most appropriate
patterns. We propose a multiple-XOF system, called mXOF, that can dynamically
adapt feature transfer among XOFs. This system utilises the observed list to
estimate the task relatedness. This method enables the automation of
transferring features. In terms of knowledge discovery, the resemblance
estimation provides insightful relations among multiple data. We experimented
mXOF on various scenarios, e.g. representative Hierarchical Boolean problems,
classification of distinct classes in the UCI Zoo dataset, and unrelated tasks,
to validate its abilities of automatic knowledge-transfer and estimating task
relatedness. Results show that mXOF can estimate the relatedness reasonably
between multiple tasks to aid the learning performance with the dynamic feature
transferring.Comment: accepted by The Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
(GECCO 2020
Genetic Assimilation and Canalisation in the Baldwin Effect
The Baldwin Effect indicates that individually learned behaviours acquired during an organismâs lifetime can influence the evolutionary path taken by a population, without any direct Lamarckian transfer of traits from phenotype to genotype. Several computational studies modelling this effect have included complications that restrict its applicability. Here we present a simplified model that is used to reveal the essential mechanisms and highlight several conceptual issues that have not been clearly defined in prior literature. In particular, we suggest that canalisation and genetic assimilation, often conflated in previous studies, are separate concepts and the former is actually not required for non-heritable phenotypic variation to guide genetic variation. Additionally, learning, often considered to be essential for the Baldwin Effect, can be replaced with a more general phenotypic plasticity model. These simplifications potentially permit the Baldwin Effect to operate in much more general circumstances
Genetic algorithm-based control of birefringent filtering for self-tuning, self-pulsing fiber lasers
Polarization-based filtering in fiber lasers is well-known to enable spectral
tunability and a wide range of dynamical operating states. This effect is
rarely exploited in practical systems, however, because optimization of cavity
parameters is non-trivial and evolves due to environmental sensitivity. Here,
we report a genetic algorithm-based approach, utilizing electronic control of
the cavity transfer function, to autonomously achieve broad wavelength tuning
and the generation of Q-switched pulses with variable repetition rate and
duration. The practicalities and limitations of simultaneous spectral and
temporal self-tuning from a simple fiber laser are discussed, paving the way to
on-demand laser properties through algorithmic control and machine learning
schemes.Comment: Accepted for Optics Letters, 12th June 201
Analysing Cross-Lingual Transfer in Low-Resourced African Named Entity Recognition
Transfer learning has led to large gains in performance for nearly all NLP
tasks while making downstream models easier and faster to train. This has also
been extended to low-resourced languages, with some success. We investigate the
properties of cross-lingual transfer learning between ten low-resourced
languages, from the perspective of a named entity recognition task. We
specifically investigate how much adaptive fine-tuning and the choice of
transfer language affect zero-shot transfer performance. We find that models
that perform well on a single language often do so at the expense of
generalising to others, while models with the best generalisation to other
languages suffer in individual language performance. Furthermore, the amount of
data overlap between the source and target datasets is a better predictor of
transfer performance than either the geographical or genetic distance between
the languages.Comment: Accepted to IJCNLP-AACL 202
Genetic Transfer or Population Diversification? Deciphering the Secret Ingredients of Evolutionary Multitask Optimization
Evolutionary multitasking has recently emerged as a novel paradigm that
enables the similarities and/or latent complementarities (if present) between
distinct optimization tasks to be exploited in an autonomous manner simply by
solving them together with a unified solution representation scheme. An
important matter underpinning future algorithmic advancements is to develop a
better understanding of the driving force behind successful multitask
problem-solving. In this regard, two (seemingly disparate) ideas have been put
forward, namely, (a) implicit genetic transfer as the key ingredient
facilitating the exchange of high-quality genetic material across tasks, and
(b) population diversification resulting in effective global search of the
unified search space encompassing all tasks. In this paper, we present some
empirical results that provide a clearer picture of the relationship between
the two aforementioned propositions. For the numerical experiments we make use
of Sudoku puzzles as case studies, mainly because of their feature that
outwardly unlike puzzle statements can often have nearly identical final
solutions. The experiments reveal that while on many occasions genetic transfer
and population diversity may be viewed as two sides of the same coin, the wider
implication of genetic transfer, as shall be shown herein, captures the true
essence of evolutionary multitasking to the fullest.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
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