Foundations for almost ring theory -- Release 7.5

This is release 7.5 of our project, aiming to provide a complete treatment of the foundations of almost ring theory, following and extending Faltings's method of "almost etale extensions". The central result is the "almost purity theorem", for whose proof we adapt Scholze's method, based on his perfectoid spaces. This release provides the foundations for our generalization of Scholze's perfectoid spaces, and reduces the proof of the almost purity theorem to a general assertion concerning the \'etale topology of adic spaces, whose proof uses previous work by the first author. As usual, this new release is a mix of corrections and various improvements, with a final chapter dedicated to applications; notably, we include a generalization of Y.Andr\'e's "perfectoid Abhyankar's lemma" which we use to give a proof of a generalization of the "direct summand conjecture", extending Andr\'e's recent work.Comment: 1650 pages, written in AMS-LaTeX. Updates and corrections shall also be posted on my web page : http://math.univ-lille1.fr/~ramer