Expressed Preferences and Behavior in Experimental Games

It is traditional in experimental games to allow participants to choose only actions or possibly communicate intended play. In sequential two-person games, we require first movers to express a preference between responder choices. We find that responder behavior differs substantially according to whether first movers express a hope for favorable or unfavorable treatment. We find that such preference expression after favorable first-mover play on average increases both the social surplus and the lowest payoff received by 15-20 percent. Expressed preferences for favorable responder behavior by first movers who have not behaved favorably are largely ignored, however, and may even be counter-productive. Our results replicate earlier findings, in that subjects assign a high positive weight to another person's payoffs when ahead and misbehavior elicits a strong negative response. Logit regressions estimate the weight placed on another (nonmisbehaving) person's payoffs to be positive, even when one is behind. While the degree of positive reciprocity is not significant either with or without expressed preferences, there is evidence that positive reciprocity is enhanced when a preference for favorable treatment is expressed.

Effects of exclusion on social preferences

In three party ultimatum games the proposer can first decide whether to exclude one responder, what increases the available pie. The experiments control for intentionality of exclusion and veto power of the third party. We do not find evidence for indirect reciprocity of the remaining responder after the exclusion of the other. Similarly, not excluding the second responder is only insignificantly reciprocated by it. Overall, we find little evidence that intentional exclusion has substantial effects on behavior.Exclusion, bargaining, ultimatum game, social preferences, experiment

Strategic Ignorance in Bargaining

In his classic article "An Essay on Bargaining" Schelling (1956) argues that ignorance might actually be strength rather than weakness. We test and confirm Schelling's conjecture in a simple take-it-or-leave bargaining experiment where the proposer can choose between two possible offers. Option A always gives the proposer a higher payoff than option B. The payoff of the responder depends on the (randomly determined) state of nature, i.e., in state s2 payoffs of the two players are aligned while they are not in state s1. The responder is always informed about the actual state. The proposer knows the actual state in our first treatment but not in the second. We find that proposers indeed benefit from ignorance because the responders accept almost all offers (even the unfavorable ones) if the payoffs of the responder have not been transparent for the proposer. In additional treatments we investigate situations where the proposer can deliberately remain ignorant. One could assume that remaining ignorant on purpose would be punished by the responder at least if an unfavorable outcome results. Surprisingly, we find that strategically remaining ignorant tends to be beneficial for the proposer particularly if the responder does not know with certainty whether it was the proposer's intention to remain ignorant or whether it was not her intention.strategic ignorance, bargaining, intentions, experiment

Home care providers to the rescue:a novel first-responder programme

To describe the implementation of a novel first-responder programme in which home care providers equipped with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) were dispatched in parallel with existing emergency medical services in the event of a suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).We evaluated a one-year prospective study that trained home care providers in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and using an AED in cases of suspected OHCA. Data were collected from cardiac arrest case files, case files from each provider dispatch and a survey among dispatched providers. The study was conducted in a rural district in Denmark.Home care providers were dispatched to 28 of the 60 OHCAs that occurred in the study period. In ten cases the providers arrived before the ambulance service and subsequently performed CPR. AED analysis was executed in three cases and shock was delivered in one case. For 26 of the 28 cases, the cardiac arrest occurred in a private home. Ninety-five per cent of the providers who had been dispatched to a cardiac arrest reported feeling prepared for managing the initial resuscitation, including use of AED.Home care providers are suited to act as first-responders in predominantly rural and residential districts. Future follow-up will allow further evaluation of home care provider arrivals and patient survival

DESAIN KOMUNUKASI VISUAL SEBAGAI SARANA SOSIALISASI MEDICAL FIRST RESPONDER PMI DI BALI

ABSTRAK DESAIN KOMUNIKASI VISUAL SEBAGAI SARANA SOSIALISASI MEDICAL FIRST RESPONDER PMI DI BALI Medical First Responder PMI Bali yang berdiri sejak tahun 1996 lalu yang dibentuk oleh PMI Bali. Merupakan sebuah organisasi Kepalang Merahan yang berada di provinsi Bali bergerak di bidang sosial dan kemanusiaan yang mempunyai visi dan misi berbasis masyarakat pada bidang Pelayanan Sosial kemasyarakat yang salah satunya Pelayanan Sosial kesehatan Masyarakat melalui bidang Pelayanan Siaga 24 jam Ambulance 118 PMI Bali untuk Seluruh Masyarakat di Bali baik lokal maupun manca Negara. Dalam usaha sosialisasi, setiap media komunikasi visual memiliki peranan dan fungsi yang berbeda seperti halnya strategi sosialisasi untuk lembaga kemanusiaan. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya perencanaan baik secara konseptual maupun visual yang menyesuaikan dengan kode etik sosialisasi suatu lembaga kemanusiaan. Desain ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh media komunikasi visual yang efektif, komunikatif dan sesuai kriteria desain untuk melengkapi kegiatan sosialisasi Medical First Responder PMI Bali dan bermanfaat menambah media sosialisasi dan sekaligus lebih memperkenalkan Medical First Responder kepada masyarakat luas. Melalui metode penelitian, Data-data yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi, wawancara, kepustakaan dan dokumentasi di Medical First Responder PMI Bali disesuaikan kembali dengan strategi sosialisasi. Teori yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah teori komunikasi massa oleh Dominick dan Uchayana. Kemudian diolah melalui analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan sintesa sehingga diperoleh konsep dasar desain. “Humanity” merupakan konsep dasar yang relevan pada proses desain komunikasi visual untuk sosialisasi Medical First Responder PMI Bali, dalam hal ini lebih ditekankan kepada sifat dan sikap manusia untuk mau menolong orang yang membutuhkan. Konsep kemanusiaan sendiri dilambangkan melalui media komunikasi yang manusiawi dalam artian mudah dipahami serta penyapaian pesan yang cepat tanpa harus melihat secara berulang-ulang, sehingga target audiens dapat mengerti dan mengetahui apa yang harus dilakukan apa bila menghadapi sebuah keadaan darurat seperti kecelakaan. Konsep tersebut dapat mendukung visi dan misi dari PMI Bali yaitu pelayanan sosial kemanusiaan yang dipegang teguh oleh setiap anggotanya sehingga dapat memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dengan baik. Dalam proses desain, telah menghasilkan media yang tepat dan sesuai yaitu Poster, Brosur, Stiker, Gantungan Kunci, Roll Up Banner, Uniform, Safety Vest, Mobile Advertising, Website dan Katalog. Kata Kunci : desain, media komunikasi visual, Medical First Responder Humanity. Medical First Responder PMI Bali standing since year 1996 then formed by PMI Bali. Representing a organization of red cross residing in provinsi Bali of active in social and human having vision and mission base on the society at area of social services which one of them is social services of society health through urgent service area 24 hours Ambulance 118 PMI Bali to entire society in local civil Bali and also international tourist. In effort socialization, each every visual communications design own the different function and role as does socialization strategy for the institute of human. Therefore need the existence planning of either through visual and also conceptual corresponding to code etik socialization of a human institute. This design aim to obtain the effective visual communications media, communicative and according to criterion desain to equip the activity of socialization of Medical First Responder PMI Bali and useful add the socialization media and at one blow more introducing about Medical First Responder to wide society. Through research method, Data obtained from observation result, interview the, bibliography and documentation in Medical First Responder PMI Bali re-accomodated with the socialization strategy. Theory used in this study is communication theory ofmass by Dominick and Uchayana. Is later processed by through descriptive analysis qualitative and sintesa so that obtained by a elementary concept of design. " Humanity" representing relevant base concept at visual communications design prosses for the socialization of Medical First Responder PMI Bali, in this case more emphasized to nature of and attitude of human being to will to help one who require the. Human concept is by self symbolised by through communications media which humanity is mean easy to comprehended and also the message which quickly without having to see by repeatedly, so that audiens can understand and know what must be done what facing a emergency like accident. The concept can support the vision and mission from PMI Bali that is human social services holded by firmness by each its member so that can give the service to society better. In course of design, have been determined by a correct media and according to that is Poster, Brochure, Sticker, Hanger Lock, Roll Up Banner, Uniform, Safety Vest, Mobile Advertising, Website And Catalogue. Keyword : design, visual communications media, Medical First Responder Humanity

Community first responders and responder schemes in the United Kingdom: systematic scoping review

Background: Community First Responder (CFR) schemes support lay people to respond to medical emergencies, working closely with ambulance services. They operate widely in the UK. There has been no previous review of UK literature on these schemes. This is the first systematic scoping review of UK literature on CFR schemes, which identifies the reasons for becoming a CFR, requirements for training and feedback and confusion between the CFR role and that of ambulance service staff. This study also reveals gaps in the evidence base for CFR schemes. Methods: We conducted a systematic scoping review of the published literature, in the English language from 2000 onwards using specific search terms in six databases. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse article content. Results: Nine articles remained from the initial search of 15,969 articles after removing duplicates, title and abstract and then full text review. People were motivated to become CFRs through an altruistic desire to help others. They generally felt rewarded by their work but recognised that the help they provided was limited by their training compared with ambulance staff. There were concerns about the possible emotional impact on CFRs responding to incidents. CFRs felt that better feedback would enhance their learning. Ongoing training and support were viewed as essential to enable CFRs to progress. They perceived that public recognition of the CFR role was low, patients sometimes confusing them with ambulance staff. Relationships with the ambulance service were sometimes ambivalent due to confusion over roles. There was support for local autonomy of CFR schemes but with greater sharing of best practice. Discussion: Most studies dated from 2005 and were descriptive rather than analytical. In the UK and Australia CFRs are usually lay volunteers equipped with basic skills for responding to medical emergencies, whereas in the US they include other emergency staff as well as lay people. Conclusion: Opportunities for future research include exploring experiences and perceptions of patients who have been treated by CFRs and other stakeholders, while also evaluating the effectiveness and costs of CFR schemes

Transcriptomic Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Response to Escherichia coli is Associated with the Host Genetics.

Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are a group of bactericidal molecules produced by macrophages in response to pathogens in a process called oxidative burst. Nitric oxide (NO-) is a member of RNS produced from arginine by inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) enzyme. The activity of iNOS and production of NO- by macrophages following stimulation is one of the indicators of macrophage polarization towards M1/proinflammatory. Production of NO- by bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and mouse peritoneal macrophages has been shown to be strongly associated with host genetic with the heritability of 0.776 in bovine MDM and 0.8 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, the mechanism of genetic regulation of macrophage response has remained less explored. In the current study, the transcriptome of bovine MDMs was compared between two extreme phenotypes that had been classified as high and low responder based on NO- production. The results showed that 179 and 392 genes were differentially expressed (DE) between high and low responder groups at 3 and 18 hours after exposure to Escherichia coli, respectively. A set of 11 Transcription Factors (TFs) (STAT1, IRF7, SPI1, STAT4, IRF1, HIF1A, FOXO3, REL, NFAT5, HIC1, and IRF4) at 3 hours and a set of 13 TFs (STAT1, IRF1, HIF1A, STAT4, ATF4, TP63, EGR1, CDKN2A, RBL1, E2F1, PRDM1, GATA3, and IRF4) at 18 hours after exposure to E. coli were identified to be differentially regulated between the high and low responder phenotypes. These TFs were found to be divided into two clusters of inflammatory- and hypoxia-related TFs. Functional analysis revealed that some key canonical pathways such as phagocytosis, chemotaxis, antigen presentation, and cell-to-cell signalling are enriched among the over-expressed genes by high responder phenotype. Based on the results of this study, it was inferred that the functional characteristics of bovine MDMs are associated with NO-based classification. Since NO- production is strongly associated with host genetics, this study for the first time shows the distinct proinflammatory profiles of macrophages are controlled by the natural genetic polymorphism in an outbred population. In addition, the results suggest that genetics can be considered as a new dimension in the current model of macrophage polarization which is currently described by the combination of stimulants, only

A Phase I/II first-line study of R-CHOP plus B-cell receptor/NF-κB-double-targeting to molecularly assess therapy response

The ImbruVeRCHOP trial is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, single-arm, open label Phase I/II study for patients 61-80 years of age with newly diagnosed CD20+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and a higher risk profile (International Prognostic Index ≥2). Patients receive standard chemotherapy (CHOP) plus immunotherapy (Rituximab), a biological agent (the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib) and a signaling inhibitor (the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase-targeting therapeutic Ibrutinib). Using an all-comers approach, but subjecting patients to another lymphoma biopsy acutely under first-cycle immune-chemo drug exposure, ImbruVeRCHOP seeks to identify an unbiased molecular responder signature that marks diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients at risk and likely to benefit from this regimen as a double, proximal and distal B-cell receptor/NF-κB-co-targeting extension of the current R-CHOP standard of care. EudraCT-Number: 2015-003429-32; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03129828

AUGGMED: developing multiplayer serious games technology to enhance first responder training

Many serious games are designed for single player access only. However, the benefits of the immersive nature of serious games and virtual reality may be enhanced when teams who usually train together can also do so within a virtual environment. The purpose of this article is to outline the architecture of the AUGGMED serious game and discuss the technical challenges faced when creating a multiplayer counter terrorism training serious game utilising virtual reality, touch screen interfaces and a realistic crowd simulation. AUGGMED is designed using an agile modular approach utilising user centred design principles, with each technical developer owning a set of tools which are continuously integrated, piloted, and improved throughout the development cycle. Constant piloting with first responders enables iterative improvements, which meet end user training requirements. Building a multiplayer training game specialised in providing realistic simulation of real situations, and enabling users to interface with the simulation through virtual reality identifies a large set of technical challenges. The article identifies a number of the challenges faced while developing AUGGMED and the solutions used to overcome them, including barriers and logistical/technical difficulties to integrating multiple existing (Exodus crowd simulation) and new (virtual reality) technologies into a single serious game for training first responders