The economics of debt clearing mechanisms

We examine the evolution of decentralized clearinghouse mechanisms from the 13th to the 18th century; in particular, we explore the clearing of non- or limitedtradable debts like bills of exchange. We construct a theoretical model of these clearinghouse mechanisms, similar to the models in the theoretical matching literature, and show that specific decentralized multilateral clearing algorithms known as rescontre, skontrieren or virement des parties used by merchants were efficient in specific historical contexts. We can explain both the evolutionary self-organizing emergence of late medieval and early modern fairs, and its robustness during the 17th and 18th century

Parity as Failure Determinants of Labor Induction in Bangka Belitung

Objectives: to identify factors affecting labor induction failure in Sungailiat General Hospital, District Bangka, Bangka Belitung.Materials and Methods: This is a case control retrospective analytic study. Population of this study was postterm delivering mother at delivery room Sungailiat General Hospital during July 1st, 2012 to July 1st, 2015. Sampling method conducted for case group was total sampling method with labor induction failure as a inclusion criteria, and no data for first trimester ultrasound, didn\u27t have a routine antenatal care history, and maternal complication as exclusion criterias as many as 78 samples. Whereas, control group was women whose underwent a success labor induction used random sampling method with 1:1 ratio. Data source was from medical records. Data analysis was chi square with 95% confidence interval.Results: From the 78 samples with labor induction, 19,2 % was ≥ 35 years old, 48,7% was primiparas, 62,8% with infant birth weight ≥ 3500 gram, and from 96 samples, 47,5% with ≥ 5 years pregnancy interval. Statistical analysis result showed factors that affecting induction failure were parity (P Value 0,014, odds ratio 2,970), baby\u27s weight (P Value 0,016, odds ratio 2,631), pregnancy interval (P Value 0,023, odds ratio 2,993), whereas mother\u27s age did not show significant effect (P Value 0,383, odds ratio 2,278).Conclusion: Parity has a 2,9 times risk to develop induction failure

Conceptualising success and failure for social movements

The paper discusses some of the most significant conceptions of success and failure present in the social movement literature, and highlights the gaps present in these theories. Through a seven-pronged critique, the paper stresses that the prevalent conceptions of movement success or failure are inherently unable to grasp the overall consequences and essence of a social struggle. Moreover, it is argued here that the problem lies not just in these conceptions, but also the concept of success or failure, because in its application to an entity as dynamic and complex as a struggle, it is unable to transcend beyond its black-and-white confines. It trivialises the concept of failure, which is an opportunity for learning from experiences, a chance for error correction and a prospect to rise higher than ever before

Embracing Failure

{Excerpt} Infinite complexity, endless possibilities, and resulting constant change characterize the 21st century. More intimately and faster than ever before, the realms of environment, economy, society, polity, and technology coevolve in adaptive systems. The times demand the ability to take risks, embrace failure, and move on. Developing a culture of intelligent experimentation and failure analysis is no longer an option. Individuals, groups, and organizations must create, innovate, and reflect to generate the radical solutions they need to tackle challenges in markets, industries, organizations, geographies, intellectual disciplines, and generations. To accomplish this, they must learn to learn and learn to unlearn before, during, and after

Comeback from Failure

John 21:1-2

Triac failure detector

A failure detector is provided for detecting unidirectional failures in triacs, particularly as used in power factor controllers for induction motors. In a first embodiment, the triac voltage waveform is sensed and upon detection of an unbalanced signal, corresponding to failure of the triac in either the positive or negative direction, the triac is turned full on in both directions. In a second embodiment, a pair of pulsed signals are derived, the pulse durations of which are proportional to the phase difference between the load current and voltage for each half cycle, and the triac is turned full on responsive to a difference in pulse duration between the half cycle signals. An unidirectional open circuit detector is adapted to use a signal from either of the first and second embodiment to turn the triac off in response to an open circuit failure in either direction

Spatial variation of heart failure and air pollution in Warwickshire, UK : an investigation of small scale variation at the ward-level

Objectives To map using geospatial modelling techniques the morbidity and mortality caused by heart failure within Warwickshire to characterise and quantify any influence of air pollution on these risks. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Warwickshire, UK. Participants Data from all of the 105 current Warwickshire County wards were collected on hospital admissions and deaths due to heart failure. Results In multivariate analyses, the presence of higher mono-nitrogen oxide (NOx) in a ward (3.35:1.89, 4.99), benzene (Ben) (31.9:8.36, 55.85) and index of multiple deprivation (IMD; 0.02: 0.01, 0.03), were consistently associated with a higher risk of heart failure morbidity. Particulate matter (Pm; −12.93: −20.41, −6.54) was negatively associated with the risk of heart failure morbidity. No association was found between sulfur dioxide (SO2) and heart failure morbidity. The risk of heart failure mortality was higher in wards with a higher NOx (4.30: 1.68, 7.37) and wards with more inhabitants 50+ years old (1.60: 0.47, 2.92). Pm was negatively associated (−14.69: −23.46, −6.50) with heart failure mortality. SO2, Ben and IMD scores were not associated with heart failure mortality. There was a prominent variation in heart failure morbidity and mortality risk across wards, the highest risk being in the regions around Nuneaton and Bedworth. Conclusions This study showed distinct spatial patterns in heart failure morbidity and mortality, suggesting the potential role of environmental factors beyond individual-level risk factors. Air pollution levels should therefore be taken into account when considering the wider determinants of public health and the impact that changes in air pollution might have on the health of a population