1,757 research outputs found
Exact Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Statistics
The exact Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB), Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi-Dirac (FD)
entropies and probabilistic distributions are derived by the combinatorial
method of Boltzmann, without Stirling's approximation. The new entropy measures
are explicit functions of the probability and degeneracy of each state, and the
total number of entities, N. By analysis of the cost of a "binary decision",
exact BE and FD statistics are shown to have profound consequences for the
behaviour of quantum mechanical systems.Comment: 18 pages; 6 figures; accepted for publication by Physics Letters A,
13/5/0
Cost of s-fold Decisions in Exact Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Statistics
The exact forms of the degenerate Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB), Bose-Einstein (BE)
and Fermi-Dirac (FD) entropy functions, derived by Boltzmann's principle
without the Stirling approximation (Niven, Physics Letters A, 342(4) (2005)
286), are further examined. Firstly, an apparent paradox in quantisation
effects is resolved using the Laplace-Jaynes interpretation of probability. The
energy cost of learning that a system, distributed over s equiprobable states,
is in one such state (an s-fold decision) is then calculated for each
statistic. The analysis confirms that the cost depends on one's knowledge of
the number of entities N and (for BE and FD statistics) the degeneracy,
extending the findings of Niven (2005).Comment: 7 figures; 5 pages; REVTEX / TeXShop; paper from 2005 NEXT-Sigma-Ph
Hadron transverse momentum distributions in the Tsallis statistics with escort probabilities
The exact and approximate transverse momentum distributions of the Tsallis
statistics with escort probabilities (the Tsallis-3 statistics) for the
Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics of particles have
been derived. We have revealed that in the zeroth term approximation the
Maxwell-Boltzmann transverse momentum distribution of the Tsallis-3 statistics
exactly coincides with the classical phenomenological Tsallis distribution and
the entropy of the system is equal to zero for all values of state variables.
Thus, we have proven that the classical phenomenological Tsallis distribution
in the framework of the Tsallis-3 statistics corresponds to the unphysical
condition of zero entropy of the system. We have shown that the quantum
phenomenological Tsallis distributions and the quantum Tsallis-like
distributions used in high-energy physics are similar to the quantum transverse
momentum distribution of the Tsallis-3 statistics obtained by introducing a
mathematically inconsistent factorization approximation in the zeroth term
approximation. We have found that the classical and quantum transverse momentum
distributions in the zeroth term approximation and the quantum transverse
momentum distributions in the factorization approximation of the zeroth term
approximation are the same in the Tsallis-3, Tsallis-2 and -dual statistics.
The exact Maxwell-Boltzmann transverse momentum distribution of the Tsallis-3
statistics and the classical phenomenological Tsallis distribution have been
compared and applied to describe the experimental spectra of the charged pions
produced in the proton-proton collisions at high energies. We have revealed
that the numerical results for the parameters of the classical phenomenological
Tsallis distribution deviate essentially from the results of the Tsallis-3
statistics for all values of collision energy.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:1608.0188
The Thermal Abundance of Semi-Relativistic Relics
Approximate analytical solutions of the Boltzmann equation for particles that
are either extremely relativistic or non-relativistic when they decouple from
the thermal bath are well established. However, no analytical formula for the
relic density of particles that are semi-relativistic at decoupling is yet
known. We propose a new ansatz for the thermal average of the annihilation
cross sections for such particles, and find a semi-analytical treatment for
calculating their relic densities. As examples, we consider Majorana- and
Dirac-type neutrinos. We show that such semi-relativistic relics cannot be good
cold Dark Matter candidates. However, late decays of meta-stable
semi-relativistic relics might have released a large amount of entropy, thereby
diluting the density of other, unwanted relics.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures. Comments and references adde
Generalized Measure of Entropy, Mathai's Distributional Pathway Model, and Tsallis Statistics
The pathway model of Mathai (2005) mainly deals with the rectangular
matrix-variate case. In this paper the scalar version is shown to be associated
with a large number of probability models used in physics. Different families
of densities are listed here, which are all connected through the pathway
parameter 'alpha', generating a distributional pathway. The idea is to switch
from one functional form to another through this parameter and it is shown that
basically one can proceed from the generalized type-1 beta family to
generalized type-2 beta family to generalized gamma family when the real
variable is positive and a wider set of families when the variable can take
negative values also. For simplicity, only the real scalar case is discussed
here but corresponding families are available when the variable is in the
complex domain. A large number of densities used in physics are shown to be
special cases of or associated with the pathway model. It is also shown that
the pathway model is available by maximizing a generalized measure of entropy,
leading to an entropic pathway. Particular cases of the pathway model are shown
to cover Tsallis statistics (Tsallis, 1988) and the superstatistics introduced
by Beck and Cohen (2003).Comment: LaTeX, 13 pages, title changed, introduction, conclusions, and
references update
The thermodynamics for a hadronic gas of fireballs with internal color structures and chiral fields
The thermodynamical partition function for a gas of color-singlet bags
consisting of fundamental and adjoint particles in both and
group representations is reviewed in detail. The constituent particle species
are assumed to satisfy various thermodynamical statistics. The gas of bags is
probed to study the phase transition for a nuclear matter in the extreme
conditions. These bags are interpreted as the Hagedorn states and they are the
highly excited hadronic states which are produced below the phase transition
point to the quark-gluon plasma. The hadronic density of states has the
Gross-Witten critical point and exhibits a third order phase transition from a
hadronic phase dominated by the discrete low-lying hadronic mass spectrum
particles to another hadronic phase dominated by the continuous Hagedorn
states. The Hagedorn threshold production is found just above the highest known
experimental discrete low-lying hadronic mass spectrum. The subsequent Hagedorn
phase undergoes a first order deconfinement phase transition to an explosive
quark-gluon plasma. The role of the chiral phase transition in the phases of
the discrete low-lying mass spectrum and the continuous Hagedorn mass spectrum
is also considered. It is found crucial in the phase transition diagram.
Alternate scenarios are briefly discussed for the Hagedorn gas undergoes a
higher order phase transition through multi-processes of internal color-flavor
structure modification.Comment: 110 pages and 13 figures. Added references to the introductio
Chaos and Quantum Thermalization
We show that a bounded, isolated quantum system of many particles in a
specific initial state will approach thermal equilibrium if the energy
eigenfunctions which are superposed to form that state obey {\it Berry's
conjecture}. Berry's conjecture is expected to hold only if the corresponding
classical system is chaotic, and essentially states that the energy
eigenfunctions behave as if they were gaussian random variables. We review the
existing evidence, and show that previously neglected effects substantially
strengthen the case for Berry's conjecture. We study a rarefied hard-sphere gas
as an explicit example of a many-body system which is known to be classically
chaotic, and show that an energy eigenstate which obeys Berry's conjecture
predicts a Maxwell--Boltzmann, Bose--Einstein, or Fermi--Dirac distribution for
the momentum of each constituent particle, depending on whether the wave
functions are taken to be nonsymmetric, completely symmetric, or completely
antisymmetric functions of the positions of the particles. We call this
phenomenon {\it eigenstate thermalization}. We show that a generic initial
state will approach thermal equilibrium at least as fast as
, where is the uncertainty in the total energy
of the gas. This result holds for an individual initial state; in contrast to
the classical theory, no averaging over an ensemble of initial states is
needed. We argue that these results constitute a new foundation for quantum
statistical mechanics.Comment: 28 pages in Plain TeX plus 2 uuencoded PS figures (included); minor
corrections only, this version will be published in Phys. Rev. E;
UCSB-TH-94-1
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