A propósito de la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de 28 de junio de 2012: Markus Gelt/Daimler AG)

El TJ considera que, tratándose de un proceso porlongado en el tiempo que pretende realizar cierta circunstancia o dar lugar a cierto hecho, pueden constituir información de carácter concreto no sólo esa circunstancia o ese hecho sino también las fases intermedias de ese proceso qeu están ligadas a la realziación de dicha circunstancia o hecho

Electrically Controlled Pumping of Spin Currents in Topological Insulators

Pure spin currents are shown to be generated by an electrically controlled quantum pump applied at the edges of a topological insulator. The electric rather than the more conventional magnetic control offers several advantages and avoids, in particular, the necessity of delicate control of magnetization dynamics over tiny regions. The pump is implemented by pinching the sample at two quantum point contacts and phase modulating two external gate voltages between them. The spin current is generated for the full range of parameters. On the other hand, pumping via amplitude modulation of the inter-boundary couplings generates both charge and spin currents, with a pure charge current appearing only for special values of the parameters for which the Bohm-Aharonov flux takes integer values. Our setup can therefore serve to fingerprint the helical nature of the edges states with the zeros of the pumped spin and charge currents occurring at distinct universal locations where the Fabry-Perot or the Aharonov-Bohm phases take integer values.Comment: 5 pages, 5figure

Transport phenomena in helical edge states interferometers. A Green's function approach

We analyze the current and the shot-noise of an electron interferometer made of the helical edge states of a two-dimensional topological insulator within the framework of non-equilibrium Green's functions formalism. We study in detail setups with a single and with two quantum point contacts inducing scattering between the different edge states. We consider processes preserving the spin as well as the effect of spin-flip scattering. In the case of a single quantum point contact, a simple test based on the shot-noise measurement is proposed to quantify the strength of the spin-flip scattering. In the case of two single point contacts with the additional ingredient of gate voltages applied within a finite-size region at the top and bottom edges of the sample, we identify two type of interference processes in the behavior of the currents and the noise. One of such processes is analogous to that taking place in a Fabry-P\'erot interferometer, while the second one corresponds to a configuration similar to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In the helical interferometer these two processes compete.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figure

Análisis crítico del Anteproyecto de reforma del Código Penal en materia de crímenes de derecho internacional

Desde que se hizo público, el contenido del Anteproyecto de reforma del Código Penal ha concitado una amplia e intensa atención. No ha sido así, sin embargo, respecto a lo que el Anteproyecto no contiene; es decir, lo que se ha decidido mantener tal y como figura en nuestro actual Código Penal. Este trabajo pretende entonces realizar un análisis crítico acerca de lo que el Anteproyecto omite, en concreto en lo relativo a la tipificación de varios crímenes de derecho internacional. Para ello, se destacarán tanto deficiencias que desde largo tiempo se vienen señalando, no ya sólo por parte de la comunidad jurídica, sino expresamente por los órganos internacionales de protección de los derechos humanos; como lo que podría entenderse como relativamente más reciente, al hilo del Informe presentado por España al Comité contra la Desaparición Forzada

Radiolysis of water ice in the outer solar system: Sputtering and trapping of radiation products

We performed quantitative laboratory radiolysis experiments on cubic water ice between 40 and 120 K, with 200 keV protons. We measured sputtering of atoms and molecules and the trapping of radiolytic molecular species. The experiments were done at fluences corresponding to exposure of the surface of the Jovian icy satellites to their radiation environment up to thousands of years. During irradiation, O2 molecules are ejected from the ice at a rate that grows roughly exponentially with temperature; this behavior is the main reason for the temperature dependence of the total sputtering yield. O2 trapped in the ice is thermally released from the ice upon warming; the desorbed flux starts at the irradiation temperature and increases strongly above 120 K. Several peaks in the desorption spectrum, which depend on irradiation temperature, point to a complex distribution of trapping sites in the ice matrix. The yield of O2 produced by the 200 keV protons and trapped in the ice is more than 2 orders of magnitude smaller than used in recent models of Ganymede. We also found small amounts of trapped H2O2 that desorb readily above 160 K.Fil: Bahr, D.A.. University of Virginia; Estados UnidosFil: Famá, M.. University of Virginia; Estados UnidosFil: Vidal, Ricardo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Baragiola, Raul Antonio. University of Virginia; Estados Unido

Humidification Processes in Gas Turbine Cycles

The global climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gases from combustion processes has been recognized as a continuously growing problem and much research focuses on improving the environmental performance of gas turbines. The potential of improving gas turbine component efficiencies has become smaller each decade and therefore, thermodynamic cycles have become more interesting for power producing units. One of these cycles is the evaporative gas turbine cycle, also known as the humid air turbine. This thesis presents a theoretical model developed for the humidification tower in an evaporative gas turbine. The developed theoretical model has been validated with measurements from experiments conducted in a 600 kWe pilot plant. This thesis presents the installation of a plate heat exchanger in the pilot plant. The experience from the pilot plant is used in a comparative study. This study evaluates the influence of the aftercooler on the performance of the evaporative gas turbine. A test facility for evaporation processes at elevated pressures and temperatures have been built. Evaporation of binary mixtures into a compressed air stream has been performed. Experimental studies with the pilot plant have revealed that it is possible to use a plate heat exchanger as aftercooler in the evaporative gas turbine. The pressure drop on the air side in the aftercooler has been experimentally determined to 1.6% and the pinch-point to 0.1°C. The reconstruction of the pilot plant from a simple cycle to an evaporative cycle has resulted in an increase in thermal efficiency from 21% to 35%. A theoretical model has been developed for the humidification process that predicts the height of the humidification column with an error of 10?15%. Thermodynamic analysis of the bio-EvGT has been performed which have showed that the bio-EvGT cycle has an optimum efficiency of 34%. Further thermodynamics analysis has indicated that the bio-EvGT is a viable alternative to the biomass fueled steam turbine cycle